Abstract: Objective To explore risk factors of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) in Guangzhou so as to provide scientific basis for effective prevention of PHC. Methods A 1∶1 matching case-control study was conducted. In the study, 100 pairs of cases (diagnosed in 2013 and lived in Guangzhou for ≥10 years) and controls (matched by community, sex, and age, but no blood kinship) were selected. Study participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about their life style, habits, and diseases. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. Results There were 86 male pairs and 14 female pairs among the 100 cases-control pairs. The average age of the hepatocellular carcinoma cases was（50.58±11.66）years and that of the controls was（51.37±12.54） years. Age structures in the two groups were consistent (P ＞0.05). Multivariate logistic regression showed that alcohol (OR:33.142, 95% CI:5.729-245.367), viral hepatitis (OR:70.385, 95% CI:13.452-408.274), and family history of cancer (OR:33.218, 95% CI:6.745-212.403) were risk factors for PHC (all P <0.01). Drinking tea (OR:0.016, 95% CI:0.002-0.071), eating beans (OR:0.038, 95% CI:0.005-0.621), and dark green vegetables (OR:0.007, 95% CI:0.001-0.053) were protective factors for PHC (P <0.05 or <0.01). Conclusion PHC is a comprehensive result of multiple factors. Controlling risk factors such as alcohol consumption and viral hepatitis, and intake of tea, beans, and dark green vegetables can reduce the occurrence of PHC.