Objective To observe the effects of betaine on the Hcy concentration, SAM/SAH ratio , and the RNA expression of lipid metabolism related genes in steatotic hepatocytes. Methods A hepatocyte steatosis model was established using 60 mg/L oleic acid and HepG2 cells. Steatosis HepG2cells were cultured in medium containing 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mmol/L betaine for 24 h, respectively. The control group was cultured in regular medium containing no oleic acid and betaine. There were 3 subunits of every group. Lipid droplets in hepatocytes were observed after oil red O-hematoxylin staining. TG concentration was determined by enzymic method. Hcy level and SAM/SAH ratio were detected by HPLC while the expression of APOB, MTP, and DGAT2 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Results Compared with the control group, the model cells had higher Hcy in the medium (P<0.05), and higher TG was observed in both cells and medium (P<0.01). But the cellular SAM/SAH (P<0.05) and APOB mRNA expression (P<0.01) was lower. Compared with the model group, the 2.5 and 10 mmol/L betaine groups had higher TG incells (all P<0.05), while the 5 mmol/L betaine group had higher TG in medium (P<0.01). The SAM/SAH ratio in 10 mmol/L betaine group and the APOB mRNA expression in 5 and 10 mmol/L betaine groups were increased compared with the model cells (all P<0.01). The DGAT2 mRNA expression was higher in betaine groups than both the control group and model group (all P<0.05). Conclusion Betaine can decrease Hcy concentration in the steatotic hepatocytes’ medium and increase SAM/SAH ratio steatotic hepatocytes. Betaine enhanced TG excretion by increasing the APOB mRNA expression. Simultaneously, betaine increased the DGAT2 mRNA expression, which might increase the synthesis of TG.

Objective To study the genetic characterization of human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province during 2010 to 2011, and provide scientific data for HFMD control and prevention. Methods 60 anal swab specimens sent by each county (city, district) of Chenzhou were selected randomly for virus isolation, Realtime RT-PCR was used for detecting enterovirus RNA. Specimens of 14 strains (Four strains of them were isolated at the summer epidemic peak in 2010, and the others were mainly isolated at the winter epidemic peak in 2011) with cytopathic and EV71 RNA positive were amplified by RT-PCR, and then nucleotide sequencing was performed and aphylogenetic tree was constructed using bioinformatics method. Results 14 EV71 strains were clustered with C4a subgenotype reference strains (EU703812) of C genotype in phylogenetic tree. The 14 selected strains showed high homology (96.1% - 100.0% and 99.3% - 100.0%) in nucleotide and translated nucleotide homology analysis, and higher nucleotide homology (91.8% - 93.3%) and amino acid homology (99.3%) with the Fuyang isolated strains (C4a subgeno type reference strain, EU703812) than A, B, and C subgeno type reference strains K98E, S283T, and A293S were found between Chenzhou isolated strains and Fuyang isolated strains (EU703812). The significant difference of nucleotideor amino acid sequence was not found between HEV71 strains from severe (dead) patients and mild patients. Conclusion EV71 was the predominant pathogen that caused HFMD in Chenzhou City in 2010 and 2011, which belonged to C4a genotype. High homology and stability were found in the 14 isolated EV71 strains of Chenzhou. No amino acid mutations were found to be associated with the case type.

Objective To analyze the cost structure of the HIV antibody testing and figure out the cost of identifying one HIV positive case, as well as its influential factors. Methods According to the definition of health economic evaluation, the cost of HIV antibody testing in HIV/AIDS testing laboratories mainly consisted of manpower cost, detection reagent cost, training cost, cost of samples transportation and relevant laboratory cost There trospective survey method was adopted to collect the HIV antibody testing cost information of different HIV antibody screening procedures in different labsorsites between January 1, 2011 and June 30, 2011 in Fuyang City. The costs of the HIV antibody testing and its relevant influential factors were analyzed by descriptive statistical method. Results The total cost of 10 HIV/AIDS testing laboratories for HIV antibody testing was RMB 385 044.90 Yuan, and the mean cost was 38 504.50 Yuan (11 951.70-126 492.70). In terms of the whole cost construction, the proportions of manpower cost, detection reagent cost, and relevant laboratory cost were 31.4%, 31.3%, and 28.9%, respectively. While training cost and cost of samples transportation counted for only 8.4%. The mean cost of one HIV positive case identified by present HIV/AIDS testing laboratories was 9 626.10 Yuan. The average costs were 3 585.50 Yuan for CDC institutions and 43 856.40 Yuan for medical institutions to find one HIV positive case, respectively. The average costs were 43 856.40 Yuan, 3 622.70 Yuan, and 3 548.30 Yuan for finding one HIV-positive case in the HIV antibody screening laboratory, HIV antibody confirming laboratory, and HIV antibody screening central laboratory, respectively. The average preliminary screening cost was 18.50 Yuan(9.00 - 298.80) per case in HIV antibody preliminary screening laboratory in certain testing amount (estimating 2 500 individuals in 6 months), the average cost of using RT (rapid testing) screening detection alone was 17.90 Yuan per case. The average cost was 21.40 Yuan per case for HIV/AIDS testing laboratories with combined ELISA and RT screening detection. The average utilization rates of ELISA for 8 strips×12 wells and 12 strips×8 wells were 83.8% and 54.4% (P<0.01).Conclusion The cost of HIV antibody testing mainly consisted of manpower cost, detection reagent cost and relevant laboratory cost. The cost of identifying one HIV positive case was mainly affected by the testing population, amount of testing, selection of reagents, and utilization rate of reagents HIV screening reagents and screening methods should be appropriately selected according to the factors, to reduce the cost of HIV antibody testing.

Objective To evaluate the quality of death cause reports in medical institutions in Guangdong Province and provide the basis for improving the data quality and utilization. Methods Data of death cause in Guangdong Province from 2005 to 2012 were collected from the “ information system for death cause register and report ” of “ China information system for disease control and prevention ” Using the method of descriptive epidemiology, the quality of death cause repots was analyzed and evaluated by the indicators of county reporting rate, unit reporting rate, timely reporting rate, timely checking rate, coding error rate of death cause, proportion of reporting deaths of medical institutions to deaths among total population, and proportion of reporting deaths of medical institutions at and above county level to total deaths in these institutes. Results From 2005 to 2012, the reporting death rate of medical institutions in Guang dong were increased from 38.65/100 000 to 164.55/ 100 000, the county reporting rate increased from 88.40% to 100.00%, the unit reporting rate of medical institutions above county level increased from 39.40% to 69.30%, the unit reporting rate of medical institutions at town ship and community levels increased from 14.24% to 34.70%, and timely reporting rate increased from 55.25% in 2007 to 85.19% in 2012. The checking rates were kept higher level (94.94% - 99.96%). The timely checking rates increased from 79.90% in 2006 to 97.56% in 2012 in institutions of disease control and prevention. The coding error rate declined to 8.59% in 2012 from 36.62% in 2005. The proportion of reporting deaths of medical institutions to deaths among total population was 27.33% and the proportion of reporting deaths of medical institutions at and above county level to total deaths in these institutes was 49.46%. Among all cities, the top three unit reporting rates of medical institutions were 100.00% in Zhuhai, 90.91% in Dongguan, and 83.80% in Guangzhou, but lower than 60% in six cities; the unit reporting rates at the town medical institutions was ranked by Jiangmen (89.66%), Guangzhou (78.73%), and Shenzhen (73.17%), but lower than 20% in another 11 cities. The proportion of reporting deaths of medical institutions to deaths among total population was ranked by Zhuhai (95.23%), Jiangmen (91.09%), Guangzhou (75.60%), and Dongguan (65.09%) in descending order, but lower than 40% in other cities. Conclusion The quality of death cause reports in medical institutions in Guangdong was improved greatly from 2005 to 2012. But the levels of reporting quality were unbalanced in all cities. The quality of death cause reports were better in Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Jiangmen and Dongguan City than the other 17 cities. It is essential to promote the strategy for death cause reporting of the population, sustain training for grassroots health workers, and evaluate the reporting quality at regular interval.

Objective To investigate the susceptibilities of human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) clinical isolates to ganciclovir(GCV) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Guangzhou and preliminarily establish the experimental drug induced HCMV drug resistant strains. Methods Blood or urine samples were collected from patients receiving GCV therapy because of HCMV infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation HCMV clinical strains were isolated and identified by HELF cell culture method. Tissue cell infection median dose (TCID50) was calculated by reed-muench method. Drug susceptibility was determined by MTT assay. The laboratory strain tested at predetermined concentrations of GCV(1.5, 3,6,10,50, and 300 μmol/L). Results TCID50 values of eight HCMV clinical strains were 10-4.12/0.1 mL, 10-4.29/0.1 mL, 10-4.30/0.1 mL, 10-4.40/0.1 mL, 10-4.42/0.1 mL, 10-4.50/0.1 mL, 10-4.52/0.1 mL, 10-4.62/0.1 mL, respectively. 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) to GCV of eight HCMV clinical strains were from 1.89 μmol/L to 5.95 μmol/L. In the presence of 10 μmol/L GCV, emergence of drug resistance virus was observed initially (IC50=18.15 μmol/L) and viruses selected in the presence of 300 μmol/L GCV were highly resistant to GCV with 174-fold higher in IC50 (327.10 μmol/L). Conclusion The susceptibilities of HCMV clinical isolates to GCV were higher and clinical drug resistance strains were not found in this experiment. The GCV resistant HCMV laboratory strain was preliminarily established in vitro and could create conditions for the resistants tudy of HCMV.