Objective To explore the prevalence and related risk factors of dyslipidemia among adults in Guangdong Province, and to provide evidence for prevention and intervention of dyslipidemia. Methods In habitants aged 18 years and over were chosen by using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method from 6 counties in Guangdong Province in 2010. Questionnaire survey (demographics, smoking, drinking, diet, physical activity, etc.), medical examination (measurement of weight, height, and blood pressure), and biochemical detection [triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) and blood sugar] were conducted among the residents. Models of the univariate and multivariate non-conditional logistic regressions were used to analyze the risk factors of dyslipidemia. Results A total of 3577 people were surveyed. Of them, 1615 were males (average age 50.28±14.05 years) and 1962 females (average age 49.21±13.51 years). The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 60.7% (2173/3577), the standardized prevalence rate was 56.0%. The prevalence rates in men (68.9%, 1113/1615) was higher than that in women (54.0%, 1060/1962) (P<0.01). The prevalences in urban and rural populations were 61.0% (1088/1785) and 60.5% (1085/1792) (P>0.05). The prevalences of isolated hypercholesterolemia, mixed hyperlipidemia (elevated TC and triglycerides), isolated hypertriglyceridemia and isolated low HDL-C were 2.5% (standardized prevalence rate 4.1%), 1.9% (standardized prevalence rate 3.3%), 4.5% (standardized prevalence rate 5.0%) and 57.3% (standardized prevalence rate 49.9%), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that overweight (OR=1.554), obesity (OR=2.321), centra lobesity (OR=1.300), smoking [the mild smoking group (OR=2.189), moderate smoking group (OR=2.042), heavy smoking group (OR=1.874)] and vegetables intake < 300 grams/day (OR=1.389) were the risk factors, and the lighter weight groups (OR=0.539), vigorous physical activity (OR=0.601) and moderate physical activity (OR=0.658) were the protective factors for dyslipidemia in Guangdong. Conclusion The prevalence of dyslipidemia has been in a high level among residents aged 18 years old and over in Guangdong Province and the hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C were the most predominant. Strengthening measures should be taken to prevent the people from getting dyslipidemia.

Objective To observe the occurrence of school violence in elementary schools and explore its influencing factors at individual and school levels.Methods Pupils of grades 4 to 6 were selected from 14 public elementary schools and 6 elementary schools for children of peasant-workers in Baoan District, Shenzhen City with stratified-cluster sampling method for investigation of the school violence incidents within one year and the related influential factors.Multilevel logistic regression model was used to determine the influencing factors at pupil level and school level.Results A total of 5 834 pupils were surveyed (3 281 boys and 2 553 girls).Their age was(11.49±1.17)yeas (mean±SD ).Numbers of pupils from the public schools and schools for children of peasant-workers were 4 234 (72.60%) and 1 600 (27.40%), respectively.The incidence rate of school violence was 72.51%(4 230/5 834).Of the violence types, the incidence rates of psychological violence and physical violence were 71.94% (4 197/5 834) and 44.31% (2 585/5 834), respectively.The incidence rates of violence occurred in public schools, schools for children of peasant-workers, boys, and girls were 76.10%（3 220/4 234）, 63.10%（1 010/1 600），75.59%（2 480/3 281), and 68.55%（1 750/2 553), respectively.Risk factors of violence behavior were associated with public schools (OR=2.20), lack of health education (OR=1.73), male (OR=1.27), ordinary academic records (OR=1.29), playing network games (OR=1.93), parents quarreling in front of children (OR=1.56), and child maltreatment (OR=1 60). Conclusion Violence in elementary school pupils was widespread in Baoan District, Shenzhen; relevant departments of the schools should take measures to prevent the occurrence of school violence by minimizing some risk factors.

Objective To analyze foodborne disease surveillance results of Guangdong in 2012 and explore the foodborne disease surveillance strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze data collecting from active symptom surveillance of foodborne disease (including food poisoning) reports of outbreaks with two and more patients (or 1 and more deaths) from 27 hospitals in 12 cities, suspected cases of foodborne disease and abnormal health event report, and pathogen testing results of stool/anus swabs of patients with diarrhea as main symptom in the surveillance hospitals. Results A total of 96 outbreaks of foodborne diseases (including food poisoning) were reported. These outbreaks caused a reported 1 037 persons to become ill and 6 deaths. The case fatality rate was 5.8 per thousand. Food poisoning occurred mainly in the third quarter of 2012. The number of poisoning outbreaks accounted for 35.4% (34/96) of the yearly total outbreaks and the number of cases accounted for 37.1% (385/1 037) of the total number of poisoning. Restaurants, families and canteens were main places of high incidence. In total, 600 patients in 49 outbreaks were caused by microbial contamination, of which 193 patients in 17 outbreaks were caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and 155 patients in 11 outbreaks by Salmonella. The top four foods causing food poisoning were meat and its products (23.8%, 19/80), legumes and their products (13.8%, 11/80), seafood (10.0%, 8/80), and toadstool (10.0%, 8/80). No suspected cases of foodborne disease and abnormal health incident were reported. A total of 2 192 cases were collected, mainly concentrating from May to August, and their main symptoms were diarrhea (55.2%, 1 211/2 192), fever (28.5%, 625/2 192), and vomiting (16.4%, 360/2 192). Totally, 790 strains of Salmonella, 9 strains of Shigella and 32 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from 21 358 stool/anus swabs sent by surveillance hospitals. Salmonella serotypes mainly included Typhimurium (26.1%, 206/790), Typhimurium variant (I 4,5,12:i:－) (15.6%, 123/790), Enteritidis (14.7%, 116/790), and Stanley (10.6%,84/790). Salmonella was resistant to sulfamethizole, tetracycline, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and streptomycin, but sensitive to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin. Nine suspected foodborne disease gathering events were found through the surveillance system, of which, one was verified as salmonella infection, and the others were unclear. Conclusion Foodborne disease (including food poisoning) in Guangdong showed seasonal fluctuations and mainly caused by microbial contamination. The surveillance of foodborne disease generally reflected foodborne disease outbreak situation in Guangdong, but the defining objects of surveillance and report quality should be improved.

Objective To observe the effects of betaine on the Hcy concentration, SAM/SAH ratio , and the RNA expression of lipid metabolism related genes in steatotic hepatocytes. Methods A hepatocyte steatosis model was established using 60 mg/L oleic acid and HepG2 cells. Steatosis HepG2cells were cultured in medium containing 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mmol/L betaine for 24 h, respectively. The control group was cultured in regular medium containing no oleic acid and betaine. There were 3 subunits of every group. Lipid droplets in hepatocytes were observed after oil red O-hematoxylin staining. TG concentration was determined by enzymic method. Hcy level and SAM/SAH ratio were detected by HPLC while the expression of APOB, MTP, and DGAT2 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Results Compared with the control group, the model cells had higher Hcy in the medium (P<0.05), and higher TG was observed in both cells and medium (P<0.01). But the cellular SAM/SAH (P<0.05) and APOB mRNA expression (P<0.01) was lower. Compared with the model group, the 2.5 and 10 mmol/L betaine groups had higher TG incells (all P<0.05), while the 5 mmol/L betaine group had higher TG in medium (P<0.01). The SAM/SAH ratio in 10 mmol/L betaine group and the APOB mRNA expression in 5 and 10 mmol/L betaine groups were increased compared with the model cells (all P<0.01). The DGAT2 mRNA expression was higher in betaine groups than both the control group and model group (all P<0.05). Conclusion Betaine can decrease Hcy concentration in the steatotic hepatocytes’ medium and increase SAM/SAH ratio steatotic hepatocytes. Betaine enhanced TG excretion by increasing the APOB mRNA expression. Simultaneously, betaine increased the DGAT2 mRNA expression, which might increase the synthesis of TG.

During January to March in 2013, a meat adulteration scandal, that beef products were found to contain undeclared horsemeat which may contain the veterinary drug banned for use in food producing animals—phenylbutazone, has been revealed in some supermarkets of several European countries. After investigation, this incident was eventually defined as one of fraudulent labeling. This article gives an overview of the horsemeat scandal, as well as a discussion on the pros and cons of the responding procedures, thus to provide reference for us to cope with such kind of issues in China.

Objective To quantitatively assess the impact of ambient PM10 on hospital outpatient visits for respiratory diseases. Methods Daily hospital outpatient visit data in 2012 were collected from two hospitals in Shenzhen. Daily meteorological and air pollution data in the same duration were obtained from Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau and Shenzhen Environmental Protection Bureau, respectively. A time-series analysis using a generalized additive model (GAM) was applied to assess the association between ambient PM10 concentration and hospital outpatient visits for respiratory diseases after adjustment for long-term trend, day-of-week, meteorological factors and other air pollutants.Result The average PM10 concentration in Shenzhen in 2012 was 0.052 mg/m3, meeting the national second-level standard. The total outpatient visits of the two involved hospitals were 562 174 with an average of 1 535.99 persons per day. GAM models indicated a positive association between ambient PM10 concentration and hospital outpatient visits for respiratory diseases. In the single-pollutant models, the effect of PM10 was largest on lag 6 days（RR=1.004 7, 95%CI:1.003 6～1.005 8）. In multi-pollutant models adjustment for CO, O3, NO2 and SO2, the RRs for the increment of PM10 concentration varied, and the RRs in the models adjustment for SO2 (RR=1.005 9) and models adjustment for CO and SO2 (RR=1.006 7) were the largest two. Conclusion The ambient PM10 concentration was positively associated with hospital outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in Shenzhen, and a lag structure was found in these associations.

Objective To study factors affecting the efficacy of rabies immunization. Methods People with rabies exposure were investigated by the method of questionnaire and their anti-rabies virus IgG levels were detected by ELISA after immunization. Single factor analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed for factors influencing immunological effect of rabies vaccination. Contents of the questionnaire included demographic situation, animal handling injuries and wounds, rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin application, smoking and drinking habits, and history of chronic diseases. Results A total of 2 091 subjects ( 1 087 males, 1 004 females, mean age［31.01±19.53］years) were studied. The anti-rabies virus IgG positive rate was 96.8% (2 024/2 091). Positive rates in groups of 1-19, 20-39, and 40-85 years were 98.2% (637/649), 97.0% (690/711), and 95.3% (697/731), respectively. The positive rates were 92.2% (165/179) in people with head-face, body exposure, or multi-position exposure and 97.2% (1 859/1 912) in people with limbs exposure. The positive rates in people with or without immunization history before exposure to rabies were 98.5% (528/536) and 96.2% (1 496/1 555), respectively. The positive rates in people with and without chronic diseases were 86.8% (46/53) and 97.1% (1 978/2 038). The positive rates in smoking or nonsmoking people during the treatment was 94.0% (282/300) and 97.3% (1 742/1 791), respectively. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the higher the people age was, the lower the positive rate would be (OR=0.59). The positive rate was lower in people with chronic diseases than those without chronic diseases (OR=0.22), lower in smokers than those in nonsmokers during the treatment (OR=0.50), lower in people with head-face or body exposure or multi-position exposure than those with limbs exposure (OR=0.31), but higher in people with immunization history before exposure to rabies than those without immunization history (OR=2.55).

Objective To examine the association between tea drinking and susceptibility to breast cancer. Methods A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. Breast cancer cases (n=464) and nontumorous patients (n=464) were recruited from two affiliated hospitals of Sun Yat-sen University between April 2012 and September 2013. Each individual was interviewed with a questionnaire including socio-demographic factors, dietary habits, menstrual and reproductive histories, disease and family histories, living habits and physical activity. A multivariate unconditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between tea drinking and breast cancer risk. Results The average age for cases was (46.78±10.36) years (mean±SD) and for controls (46.58±10.84) years. Two hundred and nineteen cases (47.2%) and 263 controls (56.7%) had the habit of often drinking tea. The logistic regression analyses were adjusted for age, family income, physical activity, passive smoking, coffee drinking, family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relatives, and history of benign breast disease. A significant negative association was found between tea drinking and breast cancer risk (OR=0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.97). The frequency and amount of tea drinking had dose-response relationships with breast cancer risk (all P trend<0.01). Further analyses revealed that only oolong tea drinking had a negative association with breast cancer risk (OR=0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.93), and the risk decreased with the increased amount of oolong drinking (Ptrend<0.05). Stratified analysis by menopausal status showed that the significant negative association between tea drinking and breast cancer risk were found in postmenopausal women (OR=0.58; 95% CI, 0.36-0.94). Conclusion Tea drinking was negatively associated with breast cancer risk. This potential protective effect may be restricted to oolong tea drinking women and postmenopausal women.

Objective To understand the life tables and cause eliminated life tables of main death causes in the population of Guangzhou in 2012. Methods Mortality data and demographical information in Yuexiu and Liwan Districts of Guangzhou during 2012 were collected from the local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs). Causes of death were categorized using codes of the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10). The life tables and cause eliminated life tables were calculated according to the method established by Jiang Qinglang. Results A total of 1 882 888 residents in Yuexiu and Liwan Districts were recruited in the present study, including 941 876 (50.02%) males and 941 012 (49.98%) females. 13 460 deaths were recorded during the study period, including 7 616 (56.6%) males and 5 844 (43.4%) females. The top eight causes of death in the total participants were malignant tumors (mortality was 20 394/100 000), cardiovascular diseases (16 549/100 000), respiratory diseases (14 722/100 000), cerebrovascular diseases (8 954/100 000), injuries and poisoning (2 299/100 000), gastrointestinal diseases (2 188/100 000), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (2 029/100 000),[JP] and infectious diseases (813/100 000). The life expectancy was 81.80 years in all recruited population, 79.24 years in males, and 84.49 years in females. The top eight leading causes of the life losses were malignant tumors (3.82 years), respiratory diseases (2.58 years), cardiovascular diseases (2.42 years), cerebrovascular diseases (1.17 years), injuries and poisoning (0.46 years), gastrointestinal diseases (0.32 years), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (0.25 years), and infectious diseases (0.22 years) in males and cardiovascular diseases (2.97 years), malignant tumors (2.63 years), respiratory diseases (2.05 years), cerebrovascular diseases (1.28 years), injuries and poisoning (0.40 years), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (0.33 years), gastrointestinal diseases (0.30 years), and infectious diseases (0.08 years) in females.Conclusion Life expectancy of residents in Guangzhou has a trend of increment. The life expectancy of females was higher than that of males. Chronic non-infectious diseases have become the main causes affecting people’s life expectancy.

Objective To investigate the cognitive level, drinking habits, and their influential factors of herbal tea among Guangdong (residents), thus to provide scientific guidance on herbal tea consuming.

Objective To analyze the main causes of death and the potential years of life lost (PYLL) among residents in Guangzhou in 2011. Methods The population data in 2011 were provided by the Health Bureau of Guangzhou City. The data of death causes of Guangzhou in 2011 were obtained from the registry and report system of death causes. The causes of death were classified according to ICD-10. The leading causes of death and the potential life loss among residents in Guangzhou in 2011 were evaluated by the mortality rate, life expectancy, cause-deleted life expectancy and PYLL. Results There were 44262 cases of deaths in Guangzhou in 2011. The mortality rate was 544.47/100000 (standardized rate was 336.45/100000) in 2011.The mortality rates were 612.50/100000 (standardized rate was 431.12/100000) in male and 474.66/100000 (standardized rate was 248.26/100000) in female. The mortality in male was significantly higher than that in female (P<0.01). The six leading causes of death were malignant neoplasms, heart diseases, respiratory diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, acatalepsy, and injury, and their death rates were 133.44/100000, 101.82/100000, 100.68/100000, 73.70/100000, 31.54/100000, and 26.53/100000, respectively. The life expectancy was 80.83 years. It would increase 3.81, 2.78, and 2.73 years if removing the three leading causes of death. Their PYLL were 107716.00, 81414.00, 81106.50, 61978.50, 26523.00, and 22232.50 years. Conclusion The chronic diseases, especially, extraordinary malignant neoplasms, heart diseases, and respiratory diseases were the main causes of deaths in Guangzhou in 2011. The prevention and treatment of malignant neoplasms, heart diseases, respiratory diseases should be the focus of healthcare in Guangzhou. In particular, the prevention of tumorigenesis and the early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to the reduction of population life lost.

Objective To evaluate the quality of death cause reports in medical institutions in Guangdong Province and provide the basis for improving the data quality and utilization. Methods Data of death cause in Guangdong Province from 2005 to 2012 were collected from the “ information system for death cause register and report ” of “ China information system for disease control and prevention ” Using the method of descriptive epidemiology, the quality of death cause repots was analyzed and evaluated by the indicators of county reporting rate, unit reporting rate, timely reporting rate, timely checking rate, coding error rate of death cause, proportion of reporting deaths of medical institutions to deaths among total population, and proportion of reporting deaths of medical institutions at and above county level to total deaths in these institutes. Results From 2005 to 2012, the reporting death rate of medical institutions in Guang dong were increased from 38.65/100 000 to 164.55/ 100 000, the county reporting rate increased from 88.40% to 100.00%, the unit reporting rate of medical institutions above county level increased from 39.40% to 69.30%, the unit reporting rate of medical institutions at town ship and community levels increased from 14.24% to 34.70%, and timely reporting rate increased from 55.25% in 2007 to 85.19% in 2012. The checking rates were kept higher level (94.94% - 99.96%). The timely checking rates increased from 79.90% in 2006 to 97.56% in 2012 in institutions of disease control and prevention. The coding error rate declined to 8.59% in 2012 from 36.62% in 2005. The proportion of reporting deaths of medical institutions to deaths among total population was 27.33% and the proportion of reporting deaths of medical institutions at and above county level to total deaths in these institutes was 49.46%. Among all cities, the top three unit reporting rates of medical institutions were 100.00% in Zhuhai, 90.91% in Dongguan, and 83.80% in Guangzhou, but lower than 60% in six cities; the unit reporting rates at the town medical institutions was ranked by Jiangmen (89.66%), Guangzhou (78.73%), and Shenzhen (73.17%), but lower than 20% in another 11 cities. The proportion of reporting deaths of medical institutions to deaths among total population was ranked by Zhuhai (95.23%), Jiangmen (91.09%), Guangzhou (75.60%), and Dongguan (65.09%) in descending order, but lower than 40% in other cities. Conclusion The quality of death cause reports in medical institutions in Guangdong was improved greatly from 2005 to 2012. But the levels of reporting quality were unbalanced in all cities. The quality of death cause reports were better in Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Jiangmen and Dongguan City than the other 17 cities. It is essential to promote the strategy for death cause reporting of the population, sustain training for grassroots health workers, and evaluate the reporting quality at regular interval.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Guangxi from 2009 to 2011, and to provide the scientific evidence for developing prevention and control strategies. Methods The accumulative data of reported HIV/AIDS cases by the end of 2009, 2010, and 2011, were downloaded from HIV/AIDS comprehensive prevention and control information system database. Statistical analysis of the epidemic information of the data was performed. Results A total of 36 669 HIV/AIDS cases were reported in Guangxi from 2009 to 2011, including 23 893 HIV infection cases (65.2%) and 12 776 AIDS cases (34.8%). Of them, 24 599 cases were male and 12 070, female. 24 095 cases were peasants (65.7%). The cases at 20-39 age group [JP2]accounted for the largest proportion, but was decreasing year by year, from 57.7% (43 660/75 716) in 2009 down to 36.1% (5 150/14 250) in 2011; cases at 60 years and above increased obviously to 28.4% (4 052/14 250）in 2011 from 18.7% (2 012/10 771）[JP]in 2009; the married accounted for 64.5%（23 664/36 669）, of whom, 52.4% （12 406/23 664）received partner testing with a testing positive rate of 56.0%（6 946/12 406）. Heterosexual transmission was the main transmission mode, accounting for 90.0%（12 821/14 250） of all in 2011. Most of men and women under the age of 40 years old had extramarital heterosexual contact history, and the proportion was 74.6% (18 998/25 466) and 60.5% (3 737/6 179) respectively; women over 40 years old were mainly infected by their HIV positive spouse, with the proportion of 52.4%（2 633/5 023）. From 2009 to 2011, 9 282 AIDS patients were died, including 4 471 death reported in the same year, accounting for 12.2% （4 471/36 669）of new reported cases, and 48.2% （4 471/9 282）of the deaths report in that year. Conclusion New reported HIV/AIDS cases and died cases showed a rising trend in Guangxi from 2009 to 2011, the place distribution of HIV cases was various in counties; heterosexual sex transmission route was the main one; the proportion of infected cases in the middle and older age group increased sharply; the problem of finding patients late is more serious. We should strengthen the surveillance of high-risk and key groups, find and treat the cases early, and conduct effective intervention into different groups to reduce new infections and mortality.

Objective To analyze the cost structure of the HIV antibody testing and figure out the cost of identifying one HIV positive case, as well as its influential factors. Methods According to the definition of health economic evaluation, the cost of HIV antibody testing in HIV/AIDS testing laboratories mainly consisted of manpower cost, detection reagent cost, training cost, cost of samples transportation and relevant laboratory cost There trospective survey method was adopted to collect the HIV antibody testing cost information of different HIV antibody screening procedures in different labsorsites between January 1, 2011 and June 30, 2011 in Fuyang City. The costs of the HIV antibody testing and its relevant influential factors were analyzed by descriptive statistical method. Results The total cost of 10 HIV/AIDS testing laboratories for HIV antibody testing was RMB 385 044.90 Yuan, and the mean cost was 38 504.50 Yuan (11 951.70-126 492.70). In terms of the whole cost construction, the proportions of manpower cost, detection reagent cost, and relevant laboratory cost were 31.4%, 31.3%, and 28.9%, respectively. While training cost and cost of samples transportation counted for only 8.4%. The mean cost of one HIV positive case identified by present HIV/AIDS testing laboratories was 9 626.10 Yuan. The average costs were 3 585.50 Yuan for CDC institutions and 43 856.40 Yuan for medical institutions to find one HIV positive case, respectively. The average costs were 43 856.40 Yuan, 3 622.70 Yuan, and 3 548.30 Yuan for finding one HIV-positive case in the HIV antibody screening laboratory, HIV antibody confirming laboratory, and HIV antibody screening central laboratory, respectively. The average preliminary screening cost was 18.50 Yuan(9.00 - 298.80) per case in HIV antibody preliminary screening laboratory in certain testing amount (estimating 2 500 individuals in 6 months), the average cost of using RT (rapid testing) screening detection alone was 17.90 Yuan per case. The average cost was 21.40 Yuan per case for HIV/AIDS testing laboratories with combined ELISA and RT screening detection. The average utilization rates of ELISA for 8 strips×12 wells and 12 strips×8 wells were 83.8% and 54.4% (P<0.01).Conclusion The cost of HIV antibody testing mainly consisted of manpower cost, detection reagent cost and relevant laboratory cost. The cost of identifying one HIV positive case was mainly affected by the testing population, amount of testing, selection of reagents, and utilization rate of reagents HIV screening reagents and screening methods should be appropriately selected according to the factors, to reduce the cost of HIV antibody testing.

Objective To analyze occurrence features of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) and evaluate the operating quality of AEFI information management system and the immunization safety in Guangdong Province during 2011—2012. Methods AEFI data reported from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012 were collected through the National AEFI Information Management System.Records of vaccination in the same period were sourced from the monthly vaccination reporting system of Guangdong Province.The descriptive method was used to analyze the AEFI occurrence features.Results A total of 9 753 AEFI cases were reported (reported incidence rate, 89.77 per million doses)，of which 60.96% 5 945/9 753）were males and 39.04%（3 808/9 753）were females, 65.75% (6 413/9 753) were aged one year and under and 32.29% (3 149/9 753) were aged 2-7 years.Of all the AEFIs, 63.68% (6 211/9 753) were general reactions (mean reported incidence rate, 57.17 per million doses), 30.44% (2 969/9 753) were abnormal reactions (mean reported incidence rate, 2 733 per million doses), and 1.98% (193/9 753) were serious abnormal reactions (mean reported incidence rate, 1.79 per million doses).Symptoms of general reactions were mainly fever, redness and swelling, or indurations.Anaphylactic rash (2 399 cases), angioedema (125 cases), and lymphadenitis of Bacilli Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG) (137 cases) accounted for 89.63% (2 661/2 969) of all the abnormal reactions.Anaphylactic shock (57 cases), thrombocytopenic purpura (20 cases), and allergic purpura (16 cases) accounted for 48.19%(93/193) of serious abnormal reactions.Of all the AEFIs, 87.41% (8 525/9 753) occurred within 1 day after vaccination, and 97.75% (9 534/9 753) were cured or improved.Of all the diagnostic conclusions of abnormal reactions, 92.49% (2 746/2 969) were provided by investigation teams of institutions for disease control and prevention, 89.59% were provided by institutions for disease control and prevention at county level.Conclusion The sensitivity of AEFI surveillance in Guangdong was high.AEFIs often occurred among young group, within 1 day after vaccination, and with favourable prognosis.

Methods Residents in cities of Guangzhou and Zhaoqing were selected by stratified random sampling method.Intercept on street and face to face household questionnaire surveys were conducted to investigate the participants' demographic characteristics, such as gender, age, birthplace, education, and their understanding on property and ingredients of herbal tea, the drinking status and habits.Descriptive epidemiological analysis was applied, and univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the factors influencing herbal tea drinking habit.Results A total of 2 154 residents were recruited.Of them, 1005 (46.7%) were from Guangzhou and 1149 (53.3%) from Zhaoqing; 957 (44.4%) were males and 1 197 (55.6%) females; 522 (24.2%) were aged 12-19 years.Birth place of 1.781 (82.7%) participants was Guangdong.Among all the participants, 98.7% knew one or more kinds of herbal tea, 43.7% knew six or more components of the herbal tea, 49.2% considered the herbal tea to be Chinese herbal medicine, 99.1% once drank herbal tea, and 37.6% had a habit of drinking herbal tea.Multivariate logistic regression showed that those aged 30-39(OR=1.47),40-49(OR=1.58),and aged 50 and above(OR=1.78), birth place of Guangdong (OR=2.92), currently living in Guangzhou (OR=2.97), knowing 1 to 5 kinds of herbal tea (OR=2.28), knowing 6 or more ingredients of herbal tea tended to have a habit of drinking herbal tea (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion Acceptance of herbal tea was high in residents of Guangzhou and Zhaoqing cities.Age, birthplace, living place, and understanding of herbal tea ingredients were factors that would influence the behavior of drinking herbal tea.

Objective To understand the acceptability of female condom use and explore its influencing factors among HIV sero-discordant couples. Methods A prospective observational study was adopted to investigate the attitude, experience, and willingness to use female condom before and after 3 months among HIV sero-discordant couples in three cities of Shaoyang, Leshan, and Meishan through log records and questionnaire survey from May to December 2013. Results A total of 89 pairs of HIV sero-discordant couples were investigated. The mean age of HIV positive spouses and HIV negative spouses were (38.5±8.6) and (37.6±8.3) years, respectively. Of all the participants, 41.0% (73/178) had schooling level at junior middle school. The main job was the peasant (42.1%; 75/178) and the family income was between 2 000 and 2 999 Yuan (32.6%; 29/89). Among the couples, 66.3% (59/89) were husbands with HIV infection and 86.5% (77/89) were infected with HIV through heterosexual contact. Before enrollment of the study 44.9% (40/89) had sexual behaviors for 2-3 times a month, 86.5% (64/74) consistently used the condom in past 3 months before the study period. During the study period, 85.4% of them used 9 or more female condoms and 58.4% were willing to accept and continue to use the female condom after the study. Multivariate logistic regression showed that previous experience of compulsive sexual behavior (OR: 5.82), female spouse infected with HIV (OR: 3.79), applying lubricant in the penis (OR: 3.57), fully understanding the techniques after training (OR: 3.315), marriage period of 20 years or more (OR: 2.85),and experience of negative event when using the female condom for the first time (OR:7.14)were the independent positive factors influencing the willingness to use the female condom. Conclusion HIV sero-discordant couples have a certain degree of willingness to accept female condom. The female condom can be taken as an effective measure to prevent the spread of HIV among discordant couples.

Objective To analyze the pathogenic characteristics and epidemiological data of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) cases in Dongguan City from 2010 to 2012, and provide the reference for timely adjustment of the prevention and control scenario. Methods Specimens of HFMD cases including surveillance cases, severe cases and outbreaks in Dongguan City from 2010 to 2012 were collected for detecting the specific nuclear acids of general enterovirus, Coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16), and Enterovirus 71 (EV 71) by Real-time RT-PCR. Results A total of 2 282 samples of HFMD cases were detected and 2 026 were general enterovirus nuclear acids positive, with a detection rate of 88.78%（2 026/2 282). Of the 2 026 cases, 937 (46.25%) were infected with EV 71, 372 (18.36%) were Cox A16, 2 (0.10%) were mixed infection of EV 71 and Cox A16, and 715 (35.29%) were other enterovirus, respectively. EV 71 was the major pathogen (60.63%, 516/851) in 2010. While the other enteroviruses were predominant in 2011 (39.29%, 211/537) and 2012 (44.67%, 285/638）, respectively. HFMD occurred all the year round and the peak of HFMD cases were mainly from April to June each year (41.24%, 941/2 282). Most of the cases were children under 5 years (92.73%, 2 116/2 282). Of all the cases, 1 483 were males and 799 were females. Of the 2 026 cases, 1 429 (70.53%) were mild and 587 (28.97%) were severe. EV 71 was the predominant pathogen in severe cases (81.43%, 478/587), as well as in all death cases(10 cases). Conclusion EV 71 was the predominant pathogen of HFMD in Dongguan City in 2010. However, other enteroviruses became predominant in 2011 and 2012. EV 71 is still the predominant type for severe and fatal HFMD cases.