ObjectiveTo conduct high-throughput sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of H6N6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated from live-poultry markets in Guangdong Province in 2013 to provide experimental data for monitoring the AIV. MethodsHigh-throughput sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 2 strains of avian H6N6 virus, A/Environment/Guangdong/SW-C12382070/2013(H6N6) and A/Environment/Guangdong/SW-C12382099/2013(H6N6), were conducted by using Ion Torrent. ResultsThe sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene showed that the viruses were low pathogenic AIV, with a typical HA cleavage site of P-Q-I-E-T-R-G. The HA genes of the two strains of AIV were closely related to A/duck/NhaTrang/60/2013(H6N6). The neuramidinase (NA) genes of the two isolates were closely related to A/chicken/Hunan/S4495/2010(H6N6). The phylogenic analysis indicated that the eight genes of the two isolates belonged to the Eurasian avian lineage. Their HA, NA, and NP genes belonged to ST2853-like lineage, ST192-like lineage, and HN573-like lineage, respectively. However, the alkaline polymerase 2 (PB2), alkaline polymerase 1 (PB1), acid polymerase (PA), matrix protein (M), and non structural protein (NS) genes belonged to ST339-like lineage. ConclusionThe two strains of H6N6 subtype AIV were recombinant viruses resulted from different genotype viruses.

ObjectiveTo study the thyroid toxicity in male rats exposed to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and the recovery effect after removing exposure factors.MethodsSprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into DEHP-exposed group and DEHP-exposed recovery group, both of which were re-divided into subgroups of negative control, low-dose, middle-dose, and high-dose, separately exposed to 0.0, 50.0, 158.2, and 500.0 mg/kg BW DEHP by gavage. The DEHP-exposed group was exposed to DEHP for 13 weeks; the DEHP-exposed recovery group was recovered for 6 weeks after the exposure. At the end of the exposure, pathological changes of the thyroid tissue and levels of serum triiodothyronine three (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were examined and contents of Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) and Malondialchehyche (MDA) in thyroid tissue were measured. ResultsAfter 13 weeks of DEHP exposure, the rats were in good general condition and had no significant changes in body weight. Levels of T4 in middle-dose subgroup and of T3 and T4 in high-dose subgroup were lower than those in the negative control subgroup (P<0.05). In the high-dose group, the size of thyroid follicles and colloid density decreased, and the edema of follicular epithelial cells was observed. Compared with the negative control subgroup, the GSH-Px activity of the thyroid tissues was decreased and the content of MDA was increased in the high-dose subgroup (bothP<0.05). After 6 weeks recovery, thyroid hormone levels and thyroid pathological changes had no significant difference between the DEHP-exposed recovery group and DEHP-exposed group (bothP>0.05). GSH-Px activity of the thyroid tissue was lower and the MDA level was higher in the DEHP-exposed recovery group compared with those in the DEHP-exposed group (bothP<0.05). ConclusionDEHP has toxicant effects on thyroid in rats and the oxidative stress injuries might be one of the possible mechanisms. After 6 weeks of recovery, the thyroid function was not significantly restored, and the oxidative damage by DEHP on thyroid was further aggravated. Therefore, the damage of DEHP on thyroid tissue was irreversible.

ObjectiveTo analyze the pathogenic characteristics of Vibrio cholerae isolated from clinical cases and environment so as to provide experimental data for cholera control and prevention. MethodsVibrio cholerae strains were isolated from cholera cases (patients and close contacts) and environmental samples (river water and seafood). The similarities and differences in different sources of Vibrio cholerae in serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, toxic gene carrying, and molecular typing were analyzed using serological testing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), multiplex-PCR, and PFGE. ResultsA total of 39 strains of Vibrio cholerae were isolated in Foshan City from 2005 to 2014, including 6 strains from cholera cases and 33 from environmental samples. The predominant serotype of Vibrio cholerae from two sources was serogroup O1, serotype Inaba. Most strains from cholera cases were toxigenic, the ctxA toxic gene carrying rate was 66.67%, and the eight toxic genes carrying rate was 50.00%. Isolates from the environment were mainly non-toxigenic, the ctxA toxic gene carrying rate was 21.21%, and carrying rate of eight toxic genes was 6.06%. AST revealed that the strains from different sources had high resistance rate to nalidixic acid (>50.00%). The resistant rate of isolates from cholera cases to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (83.33%) was higher than that of isolates from environment (18.18%). PFGE cluster analysis showed that 39 strains of Vibrio cholerae were clustered into 35 patterns and the similarity was 72.5%-100.0%. ConclusionThe serotype, toxic gene, and genetic characteristics of Vibrio cholerae were diverse in Foshan City. Close attention should be paid to the variation of serotype and drug resistance of Vibrio cholerae.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of depression and its related factors in women with perimenopausal syndrome in the mountainous area of Xingtai.MethodsA stratified cluster sampling method was used to select female residents meeting standards from 935 administrative villages of 4 counties or city (counties of Xingtai, Lincheng, and Neiqiu, and Shahe City) in the mountainous area of Xingtai. A questionnaire survey was conducted with self-designed questionnaire. Investigation content included the basicinformation of the subjects, Kupperman score and 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17). The prevalence of depression among the participants with perimenopausal syndrome were analyzed and described. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze factors influencing depression in the subjects with perimenopausal syndrome.ResultsA total of 1 668 participants were investigated and their average age was (51.26 ± 7.38) years. They were mainly 40-49 years old, accounting for 55.34% of the total subjects (923/1 668). The prevalence of depression in the subjects was 50.07% (348/695). The severity of perimenopausal syndrome was positively correlated with the severity of depression (P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the subjects who had no spouse（OR=3.865）, chronic disease（OR=5.114）, poor family relationship (OR=6.197）, and poor neighbor relationship（OR=2.366）were more likely to have higher incidence of depression. ConclusionThe prevalence of depression in women with perimenopausal syndrome was high in the mountainous area of Xingtai. Measures of treating chronic diseases of the high-risk group and harmonizing the relationship with their family and neighbors should be taken to prevent perimenopausal depression.

ObjectiveTo understand the epidemiological pattern of falls among the elderly residents in Baoan District and to evaluate the risk factors for falls.MethodsBy using random cluster sampling method, the elderly people aged 60 and above, residing at least one year in one of six communities in Baoan District were selected as the survey participants. Survey contents included basic demographic information, risk factors for falls, and the occurrence of falls over the past one year. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify risk factors associated with the falls.ResultsA total of 328 elderly residents participated in the survey and 327 questionnaires were valid. Of the 327 subjects, 201 were female (61.47%) and 126, male (38.53%). The age ranged from 60 to 91 years, and 46.79% (153/327) of them were aged from 60 to 64 years. In the previous year, 25 subjects fell, with an incidence rate of 7.65%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the subjects with history of fall (OR=31.834, 95%CI:10.372-97.701) and high risk housing environment (OR=1.189, 95%CI:1.022-1.383) were more likely to have higher incidence of falls.ConclusionThe incidence of falls was lower in the elderly in Baoan District, Shenzhen. Risk factors for the elderly falls were the history of fall and high risk housing environment.

ObjectiveTo analyze the relationship between infant feeding index and nutritional status in Nanshan District of Shenzhen, and to explore the effect of feeding index scoring system in evaluating the nutritional status of infants.MethodsMultistage random sampling method was used to select infants aged 0-36 months in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City. The infant basic information and food consumption were obtained by 24-hour retrospective survey. Based on the standard for feeding index score recommended by China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, a standard for feeding index score for the infants aged 0-36 months in Shenzhen City was formulated. According to the standards recommended by WHO, the height for age Z score (HAZ), weight for age Z score (WAZ) and weight for height Z score (WHZ) of the infants were calculated to analyze the correlation between feeding index and Z scores.ResultsA total of 474 infants aged 0-36 months were surveyed and their total feeding index was (6.51±3.09). The feeding indices for infants aged 0-6, 7-9, 10-12, and 13-36 months were (1.48 ±0.54), (6.85±1.94), (7.88±2.11), and (8.08±1.61), and accordingly, the qualified feeding index rates were 50.0%, 39.0%, 65.9%, and 68.4%, respectively. The differences in the feeding indices and qualified feeding index rates were statistically significant between different age groups (bothP<0.01), but not significant between genders or different education levels of parents (allP>0.05). A positive correlation was observed between feeding index and HAZ for infants aged 10-12 months (r=0.355,P<0.05). The boys’feeding index was associated with WHZ (r=0.109,P<0.05), and the girls’ feeding index was associated with HAZ (r=0.136,P< 0.01) and WHZ (r=0.125,P<0.05). ConclusionThe nutritional status of infants in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City can be reflected preliminarily by the feeding index. The nutritional status of infants can be improved by regulating the feeding behavior.

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility and applicability of modified integrated index model (MIIM) for evaluation of hygienic detection results of newly-built rail transit stations.MethodsIndexes and criteria for evaluation were determined according to GB 9672-1996 and WS 394-2012. MIIM described in WS/T 199-2001 was used to comprehensively evaluate detection results (including temperature, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, inhalable particulate matter ［PM］ in the air, total bacterial count ［TBC］ in the air, TBC in the supply air, total fungal count ［TFC］ in the supply air in the supply air, environmental cleanliness, and cleanliness of fresh-air inlet, filters, cooling tower, return air opening, air outlet, and machine room) of four newly-built high-speed railway and inter-city stations in a city of Guangdong Province. ResultsAmong the four stations, the TFC in the supply air of the central air conditioning system in Station B, and TBC in the air of Station C and in the supply air of central air conditioning system in Station C were unqualified. Field hygiene survey results showed that the average score was 50 points for the environmental cleanliness, fresh-air inlet, filters, and machine room in C station. The analysis results of MIIM showed that the comprehensive indices of four stations, A, B, C, and D were 1.00, 1.58, 1.94, and 1.19, respectively. The hygiene rating was qualified for Station A as Grade II, but not qualified for the other three as Grade III.ConclusionMIIM achieved the overall rating and classification sorting and can be used to evaluate the hygiene status of rail transit stations.

ObjectiveTo understand the quality of data from hospital clinics in the regional health information platform (RHIP) in Guangdong Province and screen out hospitals with better quality of the data for further research, so as to explore approaches to improve the quality of the data in RHIP. MethodsOutpatient service data of 28 hospitals in cities of F and G were extracted from RHIP in Guangdong Province from 2012 to 2014. The data quality was analyzed by multi-dimensional quantitative evaluation and comprehensive scoring approach.ResultsMulti-dimensional quantitative evaluation showed that the data upload rates were 23.18% - 100.00% for 10 hospitals in G city and 14.96% - 100.00% for 18 hospitals in F city. The highest data fill rates were 73.18% and 82.20%, and the lowest ones, 46.53% and 55.26% in cities G and F, respectively. The highest normative compliance rates were 88.38% and 93.69%, and the lowest ones, 33.10% and 60.48% in cities of G and F, respectively. For the logical correctness of the data, the highest rates were 99.44% and 92.71%, and the lowest rates were 43.50% and 67.54% in cities G and F, respectively. The highest availability rates were 91.55% and 77.66%, and the lowest ones, 49.93% and 55.18% in cities of G and F, respectively. The highest comprehensive scores of the data quality for hospitals were 83.59 and 89.28, the lowest scores were 53.20 and 54.82, and the average scores were 69.59 and 77.52 in cities of G and F, respectively. ConclusionThe data quality in RHIP was acceptable for most of the hospitals, but needs to be improved for some hospitals. Requirements for disease control and prevention should be included in the construction of RHIP.