Objective To investigate burden status of family caregivers for outpatients with dementia disease and its influencing factors in Guangzhou, and analyze demands and utilization of health services. Methods All outpatients with dementia, who were diagnosed in the outpatient department of a hospital in Guangzhou, met inclusive criteria, and obtained informed consents of their caregivers, together with their family caregivers were recruited from March to September 2017. Caregiver Burden Inventory （CBI） was used to assess caregiver burden. The general information of the participants, and the health demands and utilization of the health services were collected. Student′s t test, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression were used to determine factors influencing the caregiver burden. Results A total of 97 pairs of dementia outpatients and their caregivers were enrolled. The average age of the caregivers was （55 ± 12） years. The total CBI score of dementia caregivers was （40.43 ± 20.05）, and time-dependent burden was the heaviest. The main influencing factors were subjective economic burden （standard coefficient [SC]： 0.24, 0.43）, weekly care time ≥ 61 hours （SC： 0.22）, and undertaking the housework apart from the caregiving work （SC： 0.21）. The health services demanded most for dementia patients were nursing home, special care, and home treatment. However, physical examination and outpatient medical treatment were the actually utilized health services. Conclusion The economic burden and time cost were the factors affecting the caregiver burden. The health service demand and utilization for dementia patients are imbalance. It is suggested to establish specialized care facilities and senior activity centers for dementia patients.

Objective To analyze the status and population characteristics of passive smoking among adults in Beijing from 2013 to 2015, so as to provide basis for formulating measures to avoid passive smoking. Methods A stratified 4-stage sampling method was used to select adult residents ≥ 18 years of age in Beijing for a questionnaire survey, which included basic information （including age, gender, home location, education level, marital status, occupation, etc.）, smoking, and passive smoking. Descriptive epidemiological method was used for analysis. Results A total of 11,437 adult residents in Beijing were surveyed from 2013 to 2015, and the total smoking rate was 28.7% （95% CI： 28.0% - 29.6%）. There were significant differences in smoking rate among different ages and genders （all P < 0.01）. The smoking rate of 18-24 years old was 10.3%. After 55 years old, it reached the peak （34.4%） and began to decline slightly. Of the 8,149 never-smokers, the passive smoking rates were 13.5% and 17.2% for definition 1 and definition 2, respectively. There were significant differences in passive smoking rate among adult residents of different genders and ages （all P < 0.01）. The passive smoking rate in women was significantly higher than that of men. The passive smoking rate increased with the increase of age before 55 years old, then began to decrease after 55 years old, and was lowest in the 75-101 years group. The passive smoking rate was significantly different among male residents with different age, education level, occupation, and marital status （all P < 0.01）, and among female residents with different age, education level, occupation, urban and rural areas, and marital status （all P < 0.01）. Conclusion The passive smoking rate of adult residents in Beijing is high, but lower than that of national and other related surveys. Young and middle-aged people, women and individual industrial and commercial occupations are the main groups of passive smoking.

Objective To analyze the influencing factors of bronchial asthma in children aged 6 - 14. Methods A total of 6-14 years old children with bronchial asthma （observation group） and healthy children （control group） and their parents were investigated in a hospital of Zhengzhou City in 2019. The BMI, family history of asthma, pet keeping, carpet use at home, family smoking, indoor living environment, personal history of food allergy and history of upper respiratory tract infection of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results A total of 176 children with bronchial asthma and 473 healthy children were investigated. In the observation group, male and female accounted for 54.55% and 45.45%, respectively; while the control group accounted for 59.41% and 40.59%, respectively. There were no significant differences in age and gender composition distribution between the two groups （P > 0.05）. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that 6-14 years old children with overweight, obesity （OR=3.537, 2.956）, family history of asthma （OR=4.536）, family smoking （OR=3.764）, indoor living environment （OR=3.679）, personal history of food allergy （OR=4.403） and history of upper respiratory tract infection （OR= 7.043） had a higher risk of bronchial asthma. Conclusion Family history of asthma and obesity are closely related to the onset of bronchial asthma. Personal history of food allergy and history of upper respiratory tract infection are high risk factors for bronchial asthma in children. Family smoking and living environment are the triggers for bronchial asthma. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of risk factors, and stay away from allergens and triggers of asthma can reduce the incidence of bronchial asthma in children.

Objective To explore the incidence and influencing factors of iron deficiency anemia （IDA） in pregnant women. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among pregnant women who first established fertility records in a hospital in Zhuzhou City from March 2019 to February 2020. Hemoglobin （Hb） and serum ferritin （SF） were detected. Descriptive epidemiological method was used for analysis, and univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the influencing factors of IDA. Results A total of 1 624 pregnant women aged 21-43 （mean, 28.72 ± 4.69） years were investigated. The proportion of the educational level of secondary specialized school or high school, the annual family income of 80-190 thousand yuan, and primipara were 50.00%, 45.07% and 55.36%, respectively. 176 cases of IDA were diagnosed, the incidence rate was 10.84%. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the pregnant women with 30-34 years old,35-39 years old and over 40 years old （OR=4.998, 10.455, 7.745）, annual family income <80,000 yuan （OR=2.134）, second and third trimesters of pregnancy （OR=1.728, 4.315）, live in the suburbs （OR=3.027）, multipara （OR=6.197）, abortion 1-2 and ≥3 times （OR=2.139, 12.203）, incorrect eating habits （OR=2.055）, iron supplementation ≤1 time per week （OR=14.939） had a higher risk of IDA, and those with a secondary specialized school or high school education level （OR=0.277, 0.570） had a lower risk of IDA. Conclusion IDA is common among pregnant women in Zhuzhou City, and it can be affected by many factors such as age, gestational age, education level, family income, living environment, abortion, delivery history, dietary structure and iron supplementation during pregnancy. It is necessary to strengthen pregnancy health education to ensure the maternal and child health.

Objective To explore the influencing factors of recurrent abortion, and to provide the basis for the prevention of recurrent abortion. Methods Patients with recurrent abortion in a hospital in Dazhou City, Sichuan Province from October 2017 to December 2019 were selected as the study group, pregnant women with similar age and without spontaneous abortion in the same hospital in the same period were selected as the control group. The basic conditions, diet,disease status, abortion history, pregnancy conditions, uterine development and immune indicators were compared between the two groups. Results A total of 169 patients with recurrent abortion were enrolled in study group, 162 were in the control group, and the age of both groups was 26-38 years old. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pregnant women with pre-pregnancy BMI≥27.0 （OR=3.316）, reproductive tract infection （OR=2.449）, hyperprolactinemia （OR=4.186）, luteal insufficiency （OR=2.833）, hypothyroidism （OR=1.314）, PCOS （OR=1.727）, artificial abortion history ≥3 times （OR=3.719）, bicornate uterus （OR=1.843）, too small uterus （OR=2.541）, occupational noise exposure （OR=6.759）, anti-phospholipid antibody （OR=4.836）, antinuclear antibody （OR=3.452）, antiendometrium antibody （OR=2.949）, antisperm antibody （OR=2.170） and irregular work and rest （OR=5.930） had a higher risk of recurrent abortion, while those with college degree or above （OR=0.321） and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy （OR=0.692） had a lower risk of recurrent abortion. Conclusion There are many risk factors for recurrent abortion. We should strengthen the education of fertility-related knowledge and the pre-pregnancy examinations for women of childbearing period. For women of childbearing period with risk factors, we should strengthen the monitoring and detection of reproductive health related items to avoid recurrent abortion.

Objective To analyze the status and influencing factors of self-management behavior in patients aged over 60 years old with hypertension, so as to provide basis for formulating measures to improve the ability of hypertension management behavior. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among all patients aged over 60 years old who were diagnosed with hypertension in a hospital of Fuxin City from July to November 2019. The survey contents included basic information, Chronic Disease Self-Management Study Measures, Therapeutic Adherence Scale Hypertensive Patients（TASHP）,and High Blood Pressure-Health Literacy Scale into Chinese （C-HBP-HLS）. Descriptive epidemiological method was used for analysis, and univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the influencing factors of hypertension self-management behavior score. Results A total of 416 elderly patients with hypertension were enrolled, with an average age of （65.28 ± 2.04） years old, and 60 - 70 years old patients accounted for 47.60%, males accounted for 50.72%, females accounted for 49.28%. The patients with course of disease 1-5 years accounted for 66.11%. The total score of self-management behavior was （42.68 ± 5.22）, which was at a low level. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the higher the education level （standardized partial regression coefficient： 0.657）, per capita disposable income （standardized partial regression coefficient： 0.682）, TASHP score （standardized partial regression coefficient： 0.749）, C-HBP-HLS score （standardized partial regression coefficient： 0.672）, the higher the score of self-management behavior. Conclusion The elderly patients with hypertension in this area have poor self-management behavior,and health literacy, treatment compliance, education level and per capita disposable income are the influencing factors. Early effective intervention is of great significance to improve it.

Objective To explore the influencing factors and preventive countermeasures of the fall of the elderly population in Yanda retirement community in Langfang City. Methods Convenience sampling method was used to select the elderly people aged over 60 years old living in Yanda retirement community for a long time （more than 6 months）. The survey contents included demographic characteristics, occurrenc of fall, past history, personal living habits, whether they can correctly understand their own ability, activity of daily living, lighting, fall prevention awareness, etc. The incidence of falls was analyzed, and the influencing factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Results A total of 428 elderly people with an average age of （73.46 ± 6.68） years were included. The incidence of falls was 24.53% （105/428）. 71-80 years old （OR=1.573） and ≥80 years old （OR=1.880）, female （OR=1.803）, no use of walker （OR=2.483）, with cataract （OR=3.709）, inability to correctly understand their own ability（OR=1.546）, no regular physical exercise （OR=5.226）, hypertension （OR=3.445）, with fall-related chronic diseases （OR=4.101）, use of fall-related drugs （OR=1.765）, poor activity of daily living （OR=3.350）, poor lighting （OR=2.392）, no awareness of fall prevention （OR=2.731）, like to go out in slippers （OR=5.478）, and like drinking （OR=2.483） were independent risk factors of falls in elderly. Conclusion The incidence of falls in the elderly of Yanda retirement community is relatively high, and there are many risk factors. It is still necessary to strengthen the prevention and intervention of falls in the elderly.

Objective To analyze the status and influencing factors of exclusive breastfeeding, and to provide theoretical basis for improving the rate of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods Pregnant women who gave birth to live babies in the Affiliated Hospital of a medical university and People's Hospital of Luzhou City from April to June in 2019 were selected. The questionnaire survey was conducted at 6 months after delivery, including basic information, feeding status within 6 months and related information. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to describe the status of exclusive breastfeeding and univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the influencing factors. Results A total of 448 mothers of 6-month-old newborns aged 19-46 in Luzhou City were investigated. The age of 26-35 years old, college education or above, urban citizen and primipara accounted for 56.7%, 94.8%, 95.8% and 58.3%, respectively. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 61.16%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that mothers with older age（OR=0.548, 0.453）, sunken or flattened nipples （OR=0.386）, postpartum depression （OR=0.556）, and poor sleep quality （OR=0.557） were less likely to exclusive breastfeed. The mothers who breastfed within 1 hour after birth （OR=2.375）, family members, especially husband who supported breastfeeding （OR=7.050）, and participated in prenatal health education during pregnancy （OR=1.578） were more likely to exclusive breastfeed. Conclusion The status of exclusive breastfeeding in Luzhou City is good, and there are many influencing factors. We can formulate corresponding intervention measures according to the characteristics of local mothers, so as to improve the rate of exclusive breastfeeding.

Objective To analyze the characteristics and treatment costs of inpatients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage （UGIB）, so as to provide basis for formulating prevention and control policies and measures, improving treatment methods, improving the prognosis of patients and guiding the medical system to coordinate the disease cost. Methods All the newly diagnosed UGIB inpatients in a hospital in Chengdu City in 2019 were searched from the hospital information management system, and the medical records and treatment costs were analyzed. Results A total of 308 UGIB inpatients were included. Among them, 144 cases were aged from 24 to 59 years （young and middle-aged group）, with an average age of （42.05 ± 7.54） years,and male accounted for 70.14%. 164 cases were aged from 60 to 88 years （elderly group）, with an average age of （73.54 ± 6.05） years,and male accounted for 82.83%. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the history of NSAIDs, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and more than two complications （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The main clinical manifestations of UGIB patients were melena （57.14%）, epigastric pain （35.39%） and hematemesis （27.60%）. The main causes of bleeding were duodenal ulcer （34.74%）, gastric ulcer （20.78%）, gastroduodenitis （11.36%）. The proportion of epigastric pain in the young and middle-aged group was higher than the elderly group, and the peripheral circulation disorder was lower than the elderly group （all P<0.01）. The proportion of duodenal ulcer, esophageal and gastric varices in the young and middle-aged group was higher than the elderly group, and the proportion of gastric ulcer, compound ulcer and gastric cancer was lower than the elderly group （P<0.01 or P<0.05）. The median length of stay was 12.40 （6.16, 25.51） days in the young and middle-aged group, and 16.21 （6.35, 25.54） days in the elderly group. The average treatment costs was （12 783.6 ± 1 743.1） yuan in the young and middle-aged group, and （21 785.6 ± 2 762.3） in the elderly group. The cost of Western medicine, Chinese patent medicine, blood transfusion, examination, operation, total cost and length of stay in the elderly group were higher than the young and middle-aged group （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Conclusion UGIB inpatients are mainly male. The clinical manifestations and hemorrhagic causes of UGIB patients in different age groups are different. The treatment time and cost of elderly UGIB patients are significantly higher than that of young and middle-aged groups.

Objective To understand the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease （AD） in Fengtai District of Beijing and analyze its influencing factors, so as to provide scientific basis for formulating health management policies. Methods Convenience sampling method was used to select permanent residents ≥ 60 years old in Fengtai District of Beijing for AD prevalence and related factors investigation, and the Simple Mental State Examination Scale （MMSE） was used to screen the elderly for AD. The positive cases were diagnosed by psychiatrists according to the diagnostic criteria. Descriptive epidemiological method was used for analysis, and univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the influencing factors of AD. Results A total of 5 901 people aged 60 - 92 years old in Fengtai District were investigated, mainly 70 - 79 years old, accounting for 39.3%. The ratio of male to female was 0.96∶1. Three hundred and nineteen cases of AD were diagnosed, the prevalence rate was 5.41%. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age increased （OR=2.284）, unmarried/widowed/divorced （OR=2.487）, introversion （OR=2.298）, excessive drinking （OR=12.820）, low level of social support （OR =1.514）, dyslipidemia （OR=2.512） were the risk factors of AD in the elderly; interest （OR=0.299） and regular physical exercise （OR=0.045） were the protective factors. Conclusion The prevalence of AD in the elderly in Fengtai District of Beijing is relatively high, and with the increase of age, the prevalence increases. There are many risk factors of AD, and relevant departments should pay attention to it.

Objective To investigate and analyze the infection in family cluster outbreaks of COVID-19, so as to provide scientific basis for preventing and controlling the spread of the epidemic. Methods The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected by RT-PCR in respiratory tract samples. Serum samples were tested for antibody of SARS-CoV-2 by the colloidal gold method. The field epidemiological method was used to investigate the exposure condition of cases and family close contacts in 3 family cluster outbreaks in County Y, exploring the source of infection in each family and analyzing transmission chain. Results Seven confirmed cases, 1 case of asymptomatic infection, and 2 cases with positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody were reported from 3 families. The time intervals between the date of infection and the date of onset of the confirmed cases were within the incubation period of COVID-19. There was no epidemiological history of COVID-19 affected area in each family′s index case. The case in Family 1 had the earliest onset. The source of infection in Family 2 had a history of dining together with the source of infection in Family 1. The source of infection in Family 3 had close contact with the second generation case in Family 1. Conclusion The infectious source （first generation case） of the 3 family cluster COVID-19 outbreaks was case C in Family 1. At the early stage of prevention and control of the epidemic, isolation of the source of infection, less aggregation, and strengthening personal protection can effectively contain the spread of the epidemic.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） in Yicheng City and provide scientific basis for prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic status of COVID-19 in Yicheng City from January to February 2020. Results From Jan. 1 to Feb.29, 2020, Yicheng City had reported 72 confirmed cases, with a reported morbidity of 13.02/100,000, 3 deaths, a mortality of 0.54/100,000, and a case fatality rate of 4.17%. Forty-nine cases were confirmed during the 12 days from Jan. 21 to Feb. 1, accounting for 68.06% of the total. Yancheng Subdistrict had the highest morbidity, with a morbidity and constituent ratio of 31.16/100,000 and 55.56% respectively. The majority of patients were adults over 20 years old, accounting for 98.61% of the total, with no significant gender difference （P>0.05）. The main occupations of patients were farmers, retirees, waiters in public place and cadres, accounting for 65.28% of the total. The cases were clustered,and mainly family-clustered, involving 31 cases and 70 close contacts. The prevalence was mainly based on Wuhan residence or travel import, accounting for 50.00% of the total. The median time from onset to diagnosis of a suspected case was 4.5 days, from onset to diagnosis of a confirmed case was 6 days. Conclusion The morbidity of COVID-19 is high in the urban area, and the incidence peak occurs in a short period of time. The patients are mainly adults over 20 years old, with no significant gender difference. The disease has the characteristics of family-clustered and Wuhan import of early cases. The government-led comprehensive prevention and control measures have controlled the further development of the epidemic. Attention should be paid to the control of transmission within family. The screening and isolation of asymptomatic infected cases are also important in prevention and control measures.