中国四省份饮用水中壬基酚和双酚A分布特征及健康风险评估

doi:10.12183/j.scjpm.2026.0031

华南预防医学 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (1): 31-36.doi: 10.12183/j.scjpm.2026.0031

中国四省份饮用水中壬基酚和双酚A分布特征及健康风险评估

于建¹, 王谢², 苏永恒², 马青青², 华正罡³, 张念华⁴, 王婧⁵, 夏云婷¹, 卞战强¹

1.中国疾病预防控制中心农村改水技术指导中心农村饮水监测室,北京 102200;
2.河南省疾病预防控制中心卫生检测检验中心理化室;
3.辽宁省疾病预防控制中心理化检测所;
4.浙江省疾病预防控制中心理化与毒理检验所;
5.湖北省疾病预防控制中心卫生监测检验防护所

收稿日期:2025-04-15 出版日期:2026-01-20 发布日期:2026-02-06
通讯作者: 卞战强,E-mail：bianzq@ncrwstg.chinacdc.cn
作者简介:于建（1988—）,女,硕士研究生,助理研究员,研究方向为饮水与健康

Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in drinking water in four provinces in China

Yu Jian¹, Wang Xie², Su Yongheng², Ma Qingqing², Hua Zhenggang³, Zhang Nianhua⁴, Wang Jing⁵, Xia Yunting¹, Bian Zhanqiang¹

1. National Center for rural water supply technical guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102200, China;
2. Health Inspection and testing center, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control Prevention;
3. Institution of Inspection and Testing, Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention;
4. Department of Physical, Chemical and Toxicological Testing, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control;
5. Institute of Health Monitoring, Inspection, Protection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Received:2025-04-15 Online:2026-01-20 Published:2026-02-06

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的了解我国4省份饮用水中壬基酚（NP）和双酚A（BPA）浓度水平,并进行健康风险评价。方法于2022年6—8月选取4省49家市政供水水厂进行水源水、出厂水和末梢水水样采集,采用固相萃取和超高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测NP和BPA浓度,并对NP进行非致癌健康风险评估。结果 NP和BPA的检出率分别为65.31%和44.90%,检出浓度中位数分别为5.09和0.04 ng/L,NP浓度高于BPA（Z=-4.27,P<0.01）;D省NP浓度中位数（164.00 ng/L）>C省（58.24 ng/L）>A省（5.17 ng/L）>B省（0.04 ng/L）,A省BPA浓度中位数（10.02 ng/L）>C省（3.07 ng/L）>D省（0.04 ng/L）>B省（0.04 ng/L）（χ²=40.90、56.84,P<0.01）;地表水中NP浓度中位数（9.86 ng/L）高于地下水（1.50 ng/L）（Z=-3.09,P<0.01）;水源水中BPA浓度中位数（4.80 ng/L）高于出厂水（0.04 ng/L）和末梢水（0.04 ng/L）（χ²=9.26,P<0.01）。NP和BPA之间存在正相关关系（P<0.01）,NP浓度与水温之间存在正相关性（P<0.01）。儿童通过直接饮水途径摄入NP的非致癌风险值高于成人,1~<2岁男童的NP非致癌风险值最高,参考丹麦和澳大利亚推荐值,分别为1.34×10^-2和4.47×10^-1。结论 4省饮用水中检出痕量NP和BPA,浓度水平在ng/L;BPA浓度均不超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准（GB 5749—2022）限值,NP的非致癌风险值均小于1,处于可接受水平。

关键词: 饮用水污染, 壬基酚, 双酚A, 健康风险评估, 固相萃取, 液相色谱质谱法

Abstract: Objective To investigate the concentration levels of nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in the drinking water of four Chinese provinces and to assess the associated health risks. Methods From June to August 2022, samples of source water, finished water, and tap water were collected from 49 municipal water supplies across four provinces. The concentrations of NP and BPA were determined using solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A non-carcinogenic health risk assessment was subsequently conducted for NP. Results The detection frequencies for NP and BPA were 65.31% and 44.90%, respectively, with median detected concentrations of 5.09 ng/L and 0.04 ng/L. The concentration of NP was significantly higher than that of BPA (z=-4.27, P<0.01). Significant inter-provincial variations were observed: the median NP concentration in Province D (164.00 ng/L) was the highest, followed by Province C (58.24 ng/L), Province A (5.17 ng/L), and Province B (0.04 ng/L) (χ²=40.90, P<0.01). For BPA, the median concentration in Province A (10.02 ng/L) was highest, followed by Province C (3.07 ng/L), Province D (0.04 ng/L), and Province B (0.04 ng/L) (χ²=56.84, P<0.01). The median NP concentration was significantly higher in surface water (9.86 ng/L) compared to groundwater (1.50 ng/L) (z=-3.09, P<0.01). The median BPA concentration in source water (4.80 ng/L) was significantly higher than in finished water (0.04 ng/L) and tap water (0.04 ng/L) (χ²=9.26, P<0.01). A significant positive correlation was identified between NP and BPA concentrations (P<0.01), as well as between NP concentration and water temperature (P<0.01). The non-carcinogenic risk from NP ingestion via direct drinking was higher for children than for adults, with the highest hazard quotient observed for male toddlers aged 1 to<2 years, calculated as 1.34×10⁻² and 4.47×10⁻¹ based on Danish and Australian reference values, respectively. Conclusion Trace quantities of NP and BPA, at the ng/L level, were detected in the drinking water of the four provinces. BPA concentrations were all below the regulatory limit set by China's drinking water standards (GB 5749-2022). The non-carcinogenic risk associated with NP was below the threshold of 1, indicating an acceptable level.

Key words: Drinking water contamination, Nonylphenol, Bisphenol A, Health risk assessment, Solid-phase extraction, Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

中图分类号:

R123.1

于建, 王谢, 苏永恒, 马青青, 华正罡, 张念华, 王婧, 夏云婷, 卞战强. 中国四省份饮用水中壬基酚和双酚A分布特征及健康风险评估[J]. 华南预防医学, 2026, 52(1): 31-36.

Yu Jian, Wang Xie, Su Yongheng, Ma Qingqing, Hua Zhenggang, Zhang Nianhua, Wang Jing, Xia Yunting, Bian Zhanqiang. Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in drinking water in four provinces in China[J]. South China Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2026, 52(1): 31-36.

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中国四省份饮用水中壬基酚和双酚A分布特征及健康风险评估

Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in drinking water in four provinces in China

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