湖北省市售大米中5种重金属污染状况调查及风险评估

doi:10.12183/j.scjpm.2025.0726

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的了解湖北省市售大米中铬、砷、镉、汞和铅的污染状况,评价铬、砷、镉、汞和铅经摄入大米途径的健康风险。方法采集湖北部分地区市售大米样品,按照《食品安全国家标准食品中多元素的测定》（GB 5009.268—2016）,采用微波消解前处理,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定其铬、砷、镉、汞和铅含量;大米中重金属含量依据GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价;采用FAO/WHO共同建立的食品添加剂联合专家委员会（JECFA）推荐的点评估模型计算膳食暴露量,重金属经食用大米途径所致健康风险采用美国环境保护署（USEPA）推荐的暴露评估模型进行评估。结果 246份大米中铬含量ND~0.279 mg/kg,砷含量为0.040~0.204 mg/kg,镉含量为ND~0.211 1 mg/kg,汞含量为ND~0.044 62 mg/kg,铅含量为ND~0.666 0 mg/kg;大米中不同重金属的非致癌危害商值为As>Cd>Hg>Cr>Pb,除砷大于1外,其他均小于1;铬、砷、镉3种重金属对不同人群的综合终生超额危险度分别为2.02×10^-4、1.62×10^-4、1.13×10^-4、8.29×10^-5、3.55×10^-4和3.10×10^-4。结论湖北省市售大米中金属污染物总体处于安全水平,但是个别元素的污染应引起有关部门的关注。

关键词: 大米, 重金属污染, 膳食暴露, 健康风险评估, 食品安全, 污染物限量, 电感耦合等离子体质谱法

Abstract: Objective To characterise the contamination profile of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in commercially available rice in Hubei Province, China, and to evaluate the attendant health risks arising from rice consumption. Methods Rice samples were collected from various retail markets in Hubei Province. Following microwave digestion pretreatment, the concentrations of Cr, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in accordance with National Food Safety Standard: Determination of Multi-Elements in Food (GB 5009.268-2016). The measured levels were evaluated against the maximum permissible limits specified in National Food Safety Standard: Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Food (GB 2762-2022). Dietary exposure was calculated using the point-estimate model recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), while health risks were assessed via the exposure assessment model proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Results Among 246 rice samples, the detected concentration ranges were as follows: Cr (ND-0.279 mg/kg), As (0.040-0.204 mg/kg), Cd (ND-0.211 mg/kg), Hg (ND-0.044 62 mg/kg), and Pb (ND-0.666 mg/kg). The non-carcinogenic hazard quotients (HQ) for each heavy metal followed the order As>Cd>Hg>Cr>Pb, with only As exceeding the threshold (HQ>1). The cumulative lifetime excess cancer risks of the three heavy metals (Cr, As, Cd) for different population groups were 2.02×10^-4, 1.62×10^-4, 1.13×10^-4, 8.29×10^-5, 3.55×10^-4, and 3.10×10^-4, respectively. Conclusion While the overall heavy metal contamination in commercially available rice from Hubei Province remains within safe limits, certain elements-particularly arsenic-warrant regulatory attention due to their elevated risk potential.

Key words: Rice, Heavy metal contamination, Dietary exposure, Health risk assessment, Food safety, Contaminant limits, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）

中图分类号:

R155.5

杨财平. 湖北省市售大米中5种重金属污染状况调查及风险评估[J]. 华南预防医学, 2025, 51(7): 726-729.

YANG Caiping. Investigation and risk assessment of five heavy metal contaminants in commercial rice in Hubei Province[J]. South China Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2025, 51(7): 726-729.

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