ObjectiveTo explore depression and its influencing factors among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) with different genders in Guangzhou. MethodsPLWHA in Guangzhou No.8 Hospital were recruited using convenient sampling method from March to May 2013 and interviewed using a self designed questionnaire that included questions about socio demographic characteristics, HIV infection related factors, depression, social support and self efficacy, and HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination. Chi square test and multivariate unconditional logistic regression were used to analyze depression status and its influencing factors.Results A total of 409 PLWHA were included in this study, including 286 males (69.9%) and 123 females (30.1%), and the average age was (36.26±8.82) years. The average scores of depression were （16.13±10.97） in male PLWHA and （16.15±12.71） in female. The prevalence of depression was 49.0% (140/286) in male and 46.3% (57/123) in female (P＞0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that self efficacy (OR: 0.232), HIV related stigma (OR: 3.082) and interaction between gender and social support (OR: 0.663) were significantly associated with depression. In a gender stratified analysis, HIV related stigma (OR: 3.102) and level of self efficacy (OR: 0.176) were associated with depression among male PLWHA, whereas HIV related stigma (OR: 4.309), level of social support (OR: 0.333) and work experience outside hometown (OR: 0.363) were associated with depression among female PLWHA. ConclusionThe prevalence of depression among PLWHA in Guangzhou was relatively high compared with the national average level among the general population. Besides HIV related stigma, important influencing factors of depression among PLWHA were self efficacy for male and social support for female.

ObjectiveTo determine the level of knowledge held by men who have sex with men (MSM) regarding the utilization of health service program on HIV/AIDS in Baoan District, Shenzhen, so as to provide theoretical basis for the rational allocation and utilization of public health resources in the future.MethodsAnonymous questionnaires were used to investigate the demographic characteristics, sexual behavior characteristics, knowledge awareness and demand for AIDS and the service utilization on AIDS intervention for MSM in the club of MSM and Voluntary Counseling Testing (VCT) clinic in Baoan District using the snowball sampling method. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of health service utilization on the occurrence of high risk sexual behavior and HIV infection.Results Of 142 participants, 85.2% (121/142) knew the free HIV VCT service and 76.0% (92/142) knew the place to take the free testing. The overall awareness rate of AIDS was 87.3% (124/142); 57.7% of them wanted to know how to prevent AIDS. The overall coverage of service programs was 100.0 %, the coverage of internet propaganda was 80.3% (114/142), and VCT service coverage was 57.7 % (82/142). Of all the participants, 60.6% (86/142) had unprotected annual intercourse, 63.4% (90/142) had sexual intercourse with females, but only 32.2% (29/90) used condoms every time. The HIV infection rate was 15.1%. In the multivariable logistic regression model, whether consulting physicians (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.43-6.61) and whether accepting free condom or brochure (OR, 2.55; 95%CI, 1.19-5.44) were the influencing factors for infecting HIV and whether had umprotected annual intercourse,respectively.ConclusionThe utilization of HIV/AIDS health services was not good enough among MSM in Baoan District, Shenzhen. HIV/AIDS intervention service propaganda should be intensified and more suitable service programs, provided for MSM to reduce the HIV infection.

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of heat waves on the incidence of hospitalization of urban residents in Guangzhou and Xingning and identify the vulnerable population. MethodsData of daily meteorologic record and hospital admission during 2006 to 2011 were collected from two hospitals of the two cities. Distributed lag model was applied to estimate cumulative effects of heat waves on the incidence of hospitalization and meanwhile analyze the effect of heat waves on the age, sex, and disease category.Results During 2006-2011, the temperature thresholds of heat waves in cities of Guangzhou and Xingning were 30.8 and 30.9 ℃, respectively. The total number of heat wave days, intensity of heat waves (mean daily temperatures during heat waves), and average number of days for continuous heat waves in Xingning were higher than those in Guangzhou. Heat waves occurred from June to September in both cities. The effect of the heat wave on hospitalization in the two cities was relatively short and was the greatest at lag-0 day (RR: 1.045, 95%CI: 1.005-1.165 in Guangzhou; RR: 1.165, 95%CI: 1.142-1.288 in Xingning). The cumulative effects of heat waves on hospitalization were largest at a lag of 0-1 day; the number of inpatients increased by 2.6% (95% CI: 1.4%-3.8%) in Guangzhou and 4.5% (95% CI: 2.0%-6.0%) in Xingning. Compared with people aged 65 years or below, patients with circulatory system diseases, and male, greater effects were observed in those with respiratory diseases (CER: 4.6%）, aged 75 years and older (CER:5.7%), and female（CER: 4.7%）in Xingning. ConclusionThe heat wave increased the risk of hospital admissions in Guangzhou and Xingning. Respiratory diseases, people aged 65 and over, and women are vulnerable to the heat waves.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the possible effect of environmental lead and cadmium exposure on intelligence of children aged 9-11 years in an industrial zone of Guangdong Province. MethodsA town, where the industrial zone of Guangdong Province lay, was selected as exposure area and another town adjacent to the windward side of the exposure area, as a control one. Subjects were children aged 9 to 11 years from primary schools in the two towns. IQ of the children was assessed using the Combined Raven's Test in China (CRT C2). Meanwhile, their urine levels of lead and cadmium were detected. Results Contents of lead and cadmium in urine of children in exposure area were 4.040 and 1.434 μg/L, and those in the control area, 2.136 and 1.023 μg/L, respectively (P<0.01 for both). IQ of children in the exposure area (103.38) was lower than that in the control area (106.23) (P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression showed that urinary lead was negatively associated with children's IQ (β=-4.442，P＜0.05）, but urine cadmium was not associated with children's IQ (β=-1.277, P>0.05), after adjustment for other influencing factors. Meanwhile, no interaction was observed between urine lead and cadmium effects on IQ of the children (P>0.05).ConclusionEnvironmental heavy metal pollution has induced negative impact on children's mental development. The treatment of heavy metal pollution in the environment should be intensified to reduce the health risk caused by heavy metal exposure in children.

ObjectiveTo access the acute oral toxicity and subchronic oral toxicity of Panax notoginseng.MethodsTwenty SD rats (10 males, 10 females) were selected to access the acute oral toxicity of Panax notoginseng, using maximum tolerated dose (MTD) method. Eighty SD rats were randomly divided into negative control group, and low, medium and high dose groups (20 rats in each group, half male and half female), to detect the subchronic oral toxicity of Panax notoginseng. Then, Panax notoginsengat was administered by gavages at doses of 0.000, 0.750, 2.372, and 7.500 g/(kg·BW) for 90 days. The general health status of the rats was observed, the weight and food intake were recorded, and the food utilization rate was calculated. In the final stage, hematologic and serum chemical parameters were tested, the gross anatomy was performed, and organ to body weight ratios were determined. The organs of rats in high dose group and negative control group were examined by histopathology.Results The poisoning and death were not occurred during the 14 days of observation period. Appearance and limbs of both male and female rats were normal. No visible lesions were seen in the autopsy. The MTD of Panx notoginseng in SD rats was greater than 20.25 g/(kg·BW). Abnormal general physiological signs, behavior, appearance, fur and size were not observed in the rats in all the dose groups for the subchronic oral toxicity. Body weight, food consumption rate, hematological and blood biochemistrical parameters, organ weights, organ to body weight ratios, and histopathological examination showed no abnormality.ConclusionBased on this experiment, the adverse effect of Panax notoginseng was not observed. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Panax notoginseng was greater than 7.500 g/（kg·BW）.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the intervention effects of a community based health service management mode，which used a combined regimen of Self management Model and Health Ecological Medicine，on community patients with hypertension in Nanhai District,Foshan.MethodsPatients with hypertension, whose health profile had been built in the community, were selected and randomized into intervention group and control group. The intervention group received the community based health service management mode, while the control group received conventional basic public health service management. Changes of health behavior, self management efficiency, and parameters of physical examination and biochemical detection were compared between two groups before and after 6 months of the implementation of the project. Results A total of 412 patients with hypertension were selected，including 212 in the intervention group and 200 in the control group. There were no significant differences in gender，age，education level, and the course of hypertension between the intervention group and the control group (all P＞0.05). Six months after implementation of the project, the differences in changes of daily salt intake, daily intake of fruits and vegetables, weekly physical exercises，weekly cigarette smoking, and weekly alcohol consumption were statistically significant between the two groups (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). Before and after the intervention, the differences in proportions of the self management efficiency, policy resource utilization, and utilization of medical service resource were statistically significant in the intervention group (all P＜0.01), while only in the proportion of the utilization of medical services resource was statistically significant in the control group (P < 0.01). After the intervention, the diastolic systolic blood pressure was lower in the control group; the systolic blood pressure，diastolic blood pressure，waist circumference，fasting blood glucose，total cholesterol and triglyceride were lower in the intervention group (all P＜0.05). The differences in all the parameters of examination and detection were also statistically significant different between the two groups before and after the interventions (all P＜0.05).ConclusionCompared with conventional public health service management, the community based health service management mode for patients with hypertension has better effects on the improvement of lifestyle related behavior, self management efficiency, utilization of community policy and medical service resources, body weight and waistline control, and lowering blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipid. This health service management mode should be widely used in the community.

ObjectiveTo investigate the status of low vision and it's risk factors among primary and secondary school students in Xingtai area. MethodsUsing cluster sampling method, students were selected separately from 2 primary schools and 2 secondary schools in urban area and Nanhe County in Xingtai to conduct visual examination and questionnaire survey. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the risk factors. Results A total of 10 822 students from 8 primary and secondary schools were investigated, including 5 527 secondary school students and 5 295 primary school students. Of them, 5 594 were boys and 5 228, girls; 5 455 were from the urban area and 5 367, from the county town. The prevalence of low vision was 50.15% (5 427/10 822). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the girl (OR=1.09), middle school student (OR = 2.21), family history of myopia (OR = 1.46), less exercises between classes (OR =2.30), incorrect reading and writing postures (OR =1.65), continuous learning time more than or equal to 2 hours per day (OR =1.97), continuous screen contact time more than or equal to 2 hours per day (OR =1.48), and without eye protection (OR =2.02) were risk factors for the occurrence of low vision.ConclusionThe prevalence of low vision was high among primary and secondary school students in Xingtai and the main influencing factors were the bad habits of using eyes and not paying attention to eye protection.

ObjectiveTo analyze the leading causes of death and potential years of life lost (PYLL) of residents living in Simao, Yunnan Province.MethodsData from the death registry system in Simao in 2014 were analyzed to obtain the encoding and classification of causes of death based on the ICD10 and the statistical classification criteria for the causes of death of residents of China. The mortality rate, composition ratio, life expectancy, PYLL, and PYLL rate (PYLLR) were calculated to estimate the main causes of the death and life lost of the residents.ResultsIn 2014, the total number of deaths were 1 911 cases, the crude mortality rate was 640.89/100 000, and the standardized mortality rate was 633.76/100 000. The standardized mortality rate of men (689.94/100 000) was higher than that of women (491.83/100 000). The top five leading causes of death were heart disease, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory diseases, and injuries and poisoning, accounting for 73.89% (1 412/1 911) of the total deaths. The average life expectancy of residents was 72.99 years. Removing the influence of the top five leading causes of death, the life expectancy could improve 20.93 years; separately removing the causes of death due to heart disease, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory diseases, and injuries and poisoning, the life expectancy could improve 2.67, 2.38, 1.89, 1.16, and 1.37 years, respectively. The leading causes of PYLL were injuries and poisoning, malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases, with the PYLLRs of 17.32‰, 16.00‰, 9.76‰, 7.49‰, and 3.80‰ , respectively. The first leading cause of PYLL was injuries and poisoning in men, consistent with that in the whole population, whereas malignant neoplasms were topranking causes of PYLL in women.ConclusionThe leading causes of death among residents in Simao were chronic noninfectious diseases. Appropriate interventions and effective strategy should be adopted based on the causes of death of the residents in Simao.