Objective To analyze the occupational exposure on HIV in Guangzhou to provide a basis for strengthening the prevention of HIV occupational exposure. Methods Collected and analyzed the HIV occupational exposure cases reported in Guangzhou from 2014 to 2020, including the basic information, exposure mode, exposure grade, exposure source infection, post-exposure emergency treatment, post-exposure preventive medication time, and HIV antibody detection of the exposed person. Results From 2014 to 2020, 455 cases of HIV occupational exposure were reported in Guangzhou. Medical staff accounted for 86.8% （395/455）, sharp instrument injury accounted for 54.3% （247/455）, grade II exposure accounted for 63.3% （288/455）, correct emergency treatments after exposure accounted for 93.8% （427/455）, taking preventive medicine within 2 hours after HIV exposure accounted for 35.4% （161/455）. The proportion of prophylactic drugs in medical staff within 2 hours after exposure was higher than that in police personnel （P<0.01）. The constituent ratios of male, sharp instrument injury, skin / mucosal contact exposure, grade I exposure, mild exposure source, intensive drug regimen, taking preventive medicine within 2 hours and 2-24 hours showed an upward trend （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The constituent ratio of infectious disease hospital, grade II exposure, and preventive medication for more than 24 hours showed a downward trend （all P<0.01）. The cases exposed in infectious disease hospitals were more inclined to early preventive medication （OR=0.305）; The time of preventive medication was later in cases with unknown exposure source （OR=2.713）. Conclusion We should focus on improving the protection awareness and skills of medical staff and front-line police personnel and increasing the convenience of preventive medication after exposure. At the same time, we should strengthen the detection of exposure sources to reduce the impact on the timeliness of preventive medication.

Objective To analyze the time series of incidence rate of scarlet fever in Nanjing from 1951 to 2020, and to understand its variation characteristics and trends. Methods The moving average, sliding t test and time-frequency method of wavelet transform were used to analyze the incidence rate of scarlet fever in Nanjing over the period of 1951-2020. Results Scarlet fever experience showed two peaks over the year in spring summer season and winter season respectively in Nanjing. The annual incidence rate was decreasing, with a decreasing rate of 0.144 8 （incidence rate /5 years）. The sliding t test showed 4 descending mutation points and 3 rising mutation points. The time-frequency analysis of Morlet wavelet method showed 3 central scales and cycles, which were 4, 16 and 25 scales respectively, and the high and low incidence cycles were 4, 8 and 13 years respectively. The first main cycle was on the scale of 25. From the cycle analysis results, the incidence of scarlet fever had been rising since 2014. At the beginning of 2020, during the first and second levels of public health emergency response, the incidence decreased significantly, and the incidence increased during the third level response. Conclusion According to the analysis of periodicity and trend of scarlet fever, we should strengthen the monitoring of scarlet fever and deal with the epidemic situation in a timely manner, so as to control its transmission within the population.

Objective To assess the disease burden of contact dermatitis in China and other Asian countries and regions in order to better promote human health. Methods Data on contact dermatitis were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Database （GBD2019）. Disability-adjusted life years （DALYs） and age-standardized rates （ASRs, rates per 100 000 persons） for prevalence were used as descriptors for disease burden, and estimated annual percentage changes （EAPC, %） was used to describe trends in the burden of disease from 1990 to 2019. Results From 1990 to 2019, both DALY rates and prevalence of contact dermatitis in Asia showed an increasing trend （EAPC>0, 95%UI>0）, and both DALY rates and prevalence in China increased year by year （EAPC>0, 95%UI>0）. DALY rates and prevalence were higher in Asia than globally, higher in China than in Asia, and higher in females than in males. In 2019, the age group with the highest DALY rate and prevalence were both 70-74 years old, the country with the highest DALY rate was Philippines （34.94/100 000） and the lowest was Israel （7.28/100 000）, and the country with the highest prevalence was Philippines （1 406.92/100 000） and the lowest was Israel （289.63/100 000）. Conclusion The disease burden of contact dermatitis in Asia is steadily increasing, and countries and territories need to raise awareness of contact dermatitis according to the actual situation and prevent the occurrence of contact dermatitis.

Objective To investigate the effects of nutrition enhancement or supplement with a growth formula milk powder for children （hereinafter referred to as formula） on growth and bone density of rats. Methods Sixty two weaned SD rats, half male and half female, were randomly assigned to three groups, which were fed with malnutrition diet, nutrition-enhanced diet, and nutrition-supplemented diet, respectively. The body length and weight of the rats were monitored. After 8 weeks of feeding, the calcium absorption test was carried out. After 12 weeks of feeding, bone mineral density （BMD） and bone mineral content （BMC） of the whole-body, spine bone, and limb bones were measured. Results Compared with the malnutrition group, the final body weight, BMD of whole body, spine, and limbs, BMC of whole body and limbs were significantly increased in female rats of the nutrition-enhanced group and the nutrition-supplemented group （all P<0.05）, the final body length were increased in female rats of the nutrition-supplemented group （P<0.05）. Compared with the malnutrition group, the final body weight and body length were increased in male rats of the nutrition-supplemented group （all P<0.05）, while BMD of whole body, spine and limbs, BMC of whole body and limbs were increased in male rats of the nutrition-enhanced group and the nutrition-supplemented group （all P<0.05）. Compared with the malnutrition group, BMC of spine was increased in male rats of the nutrition-supplemented group （P<0.05）. Compared with the malnutrition group, the calcium absorption rate was increased in both male and female rats of the nutrition-enhanced group and the nutrition-supplemented group （all P<0.05）. Compared with the nutrition-enhanced group, the body weight and body length of male rats in the nutrition-supplemented group increased faster, and the BMC of whole body, BMD and BMC of limbs increased （all P<0.05）. Conclusion The body length, body weight, BMD, BMC, and calcium absorption rate of rats fed with micronutrient deficient diet were improved by supplementation of formula with AIN-93G or malnutrition diet. Moreover, in male rats, adding formula to micronutrient deficient diet could catch up with the fortified diet in weight gain, BMD, and BMC.

Objective To analyze the current situation and influencing factors of doctor-patient trust among migrants in Shanghai. Methods Taking the “smart blue-collar” health science service station in Shanghai as the survey point, the questionnaire survey method was used to investigate the migrants. The descriptive epidemiological analysis method was used to analyze the doctor-patient trust of migrants, and univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the influencing factors of doctor-patient trust. Results Among the 3 219 migrants, there were 1 762 males and 1 457 females, ranging in age from 16 to 67 years old, with an average of （27.79±9.46） years old. The overall doctor-patient trust, medical technology trust, and care and communication trust of the migrants in Shanghai were both rated as “good”. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the older the age （β’=0.089）, the higher the education level （β’=0.089）, the more visits to the doctor （β’=0.084）, and female （β’=0.137）, the migrants had lower doctor-patient trust, and the unemployed/ waiting for employment （β’=-0.047） migrants had higher doctor-patient trust. The older the age （β’=0.072）, the higher the education level （β’=0.080）, the more smoking （β’=0.049）, the more visits to the doctor （β’=0.083）, and female （β’=0.133）, the migrants had lower medical technology trust, and those with unemployed/waiting for employment （β’=-0.048） and urban residents’ medical insurance （β’=-0.184） had higher medical technology trust. The older the age （β’=0.094）, the higher the education level （β’=0.083）, the more visits to the doctor （β’=0.073）, female （β’=0.118）, and living in the suburban area （β’=0.036）, the migrants had lower care and communication trust. Conclusion The doctor-patient trust of the migrants is affected by demographic sociological factors, family factors, and health factors. It is necessary to improve the fairness of health services for the migrants in the city and enhance the doctor-patient trust of this group.

Objective To explore the relationship between application of anti-hypertensive drugs and blood pressure control in patients with hypertension, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of hypertension in the community. Methods A multi-stage random sampling method was used to select the patients with hypertension in community health management as the subjects for questionnaire survey and physical examination. The t test, Chi-square test and Logistic stepwise regression were used to analyze the relationship between drug application and blood pressure control. Results The average age of 1 120 patients with hypertension was （60.48 ± 12.19） years. There were 661 males, accounting for 59.02%. The compliance rate of blood pressure in patients with hypertension was 69.64%. Compared with the blood pressure one year ago, the compliance rate of blood pressure increased by 3.84%, in which the patients with combined medication （two or more kinds） and traditional Chinese medicine increased by 19.55% and 24.63% respectively （both P<0.01）. The compliance rate of blood pressure in patients with single western medicine and without traditional Chinese medicine decreased by 5.03% and 2.83% respectively （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that combined medication （OR=0.20） and using traditional Chinese medicine （OR=0.41） were associated with non-compliance of blood pressure control in patients with hypertension. Conclusion Making combined use of anti-hypertensive and increasing the use of traditional Chinese Medicine are helpful to control blood pressure for patients with hypertension.

Objective To investigate the etiological characteristics of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding （UGIB） and to analyze the treatment costs and its influencing factors. Methods From October 2016 to September 2021, the baseline data, examination results, treatment, and hospitalization time of UGIB inpatients were derived from the hospital information management system of a hospital in Pinggu District. And from the hospital charging system, the relevant treatment costs information such as hospitalization expenses, operation fees, blood transfusion fees, western medicine fees, and Chinese patent medicine fees was retrieved. Descriptive and nonparametric analyses were used to analyze clinical data and treatment costs, and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the related factors of treatment costs. Results A total of 1 022 UGIB inpatients were included, including 732 males （71.62%） and 290 females （28.38%）, with a male-female ratio of 2.52∶1; 209 patients aged 18-44 years old, 244 patients aged 45-59 years old, 569 patients aged 60 and years old. There was a statistically significant difference in the age distribution of disease among different genders （P<0.01）. The hospitalization time of 1 022 UGIB patients was 14 （10, 17） days, and the treatment costs： the examination fee was 2 755.0 （1 988.0, 4 575.3） yuan, the operation fee was 1 870.0 （1 380.0, 2 603.0） yuan, the blood transfusion fee was 1 546.0 （0, 2 773.3） yuan, the western medicine fee was 9 746.5 （8 765.5, 11 527.3） yuan, the Chinese patent medicine fee was 212.0 （168.8, 255.0） yuan, and the total cost was 16 007.5 （12 581.3, 19 916.5） yuan. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that age （β’=0.574）, hypertension （β’=0.054）, coronary heart disease （β’=0.064）, blood transfusion （β’=0.257）, gastric cancer （β’=0.047）, and the length of hospitalization time （β’=0.230） were the influencing factors of treatment costs. Conclusion Male patients with UGIB are more than female patients, and there are differences in etiology in different age groups. Elderly patients have higher treatment costs, combined with hypertension, coronary heart disease, blood transfusion, and long hospitalization time are also risk factors for high treatment costs.

Objective To analyze the high-risk classification, risk grade, and prophylactic drug use among high-risk groups of cardiovascular disease in Zhengzhou. Methods The subjects of the study were those who were assessed as high risk for cardiovascular disease after a physical examination and cardiovascular disease screening in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from July 1 to December 31, 2021. Cardiovascular physicians with professional qualifications completed the assessment using the China-PAR model to investigate the use of prophylactic drugs in those who were assessed as high-risk for cardiovascular disease. The descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the high-risk status of cardiovascular disease high-risk groups and the use of prophylactic drugs, and univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the influencing factors of prophylactic drug use. Results A total of 1 684 patients with a high risk of cardiovascular disease were included in the study, including 896 males and 788 females; The age ranged from 39 to 75 years, with an average of （56.9±9.4） years; Body mass index （BMI） ranged from 18.2 to 29.7 kg/m², with an average of （22.8±3.1） kg/m²; 920 urban residents and 764 rural residents; 753 cases smoked; 114 cases of family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The high blood pressure type was the most （48.28%）, one high-risk type was the highest （86.70%）, and 44.77% （754 cases） had middle and high 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease. A total of 233 subjects were required to take prophylactic drugs according to doctor's orders, of which 127 cases （7.54%） were taking antithrombotic drugs and 106 cases （6.29%） were taking statins. There were significant differences in the use of prophylactic drugs among people of different ages and family history of cardiovascular disease （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. There was a statistically significant difference in the use of prophylactic drugs among different types of high-risk types （P<0.01）, and the rate of prophylactic drug use was higher in the four types of high-risk types; There was no significant difference in the use of prophylactic drugs among patients with different high-risk types （all P>0.05）; There were statistically significant differences in the use of prophylactic drugs among people with different 10-year risk stratification of cardiovascular disease （all P<0.01）, and the rate of prophylactic drug use was higher in those with high risk. Conclusion The high-risk groups of cardiovascular disease in Zhengzhou are more common in single high-risk type, and more in high blood pressure type and dyslipidemia type. Older age, family history of cardiovascular disease, more high-risk types, and higher 10-year risk stratification of cardiovascular disease is associated with a higher rate of prophylactic drug use. Health management should be strengthened according to the individual status of high-risk groups of cardiovascular disease to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Objective To explore the occurrence and related factors of delayed lactation initiation of parturients in Beijing, to provide a scientific basis for improving the breastfeeding rate. Methods The parturients who gave birth in Beijing Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from March 2019 to February 2021 were selected as the research objects, their lactation status was followed up by nurses who had undergone unified training and passed the assessment, and the relevant data of pregnant women were collected through questionnaires. The descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the occurrence of delayed lactation, and univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the influencing factors of delayed lactation. Results A total of 2 109 parturients were included in the study, aged 20-48 years old, and the proportion of 35-48 years old was higher, accounting for 54.10%. There were 1 387 parturients with normal initiation of lactation, accounting for 65.8%, and the median time of initiation of lactation was 50.65 （19.33, 70.14） h. There were 722 cases of delayed lactation initiation, accounting for 34.2%. The results of binary Logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥35 years old （OR=1.278）, excessive weight gain during pregnancy （OR=1.992）, primipara （OR=1.243）, gestational diabetes （OR=1.459）, gestational hypertension disease （OR=3.314）, and cesarean section （OR=1.584） were risk factors of delayed lactation initiation. Conclusion The incidence of delayed lactation initiation among parturients in the Tongzhou District of Beijing is relatively high. Advanced maternal age, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, primipara, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and cesarean section are all risk factors for delayed lactation initiation. Medical staff should pay attention to the above-mentioned types of parturients and pay attention to treatment promptly, to improve the delayed lactation initiation of parturients.

Objective To analyze the status and influencing factors of enthusiasm in patients with cardiovascular disease in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai. Methods Patients with cardiovascular disease （the scope of this study included hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, and peripheral vascular disease） diagnosed and treated in a hospital in Shanghai from February to October 2021 were selected as the research subjects to conduct a questionnaire survey on enthusiasm. The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the current status of enthusiasm in patients with cardiovascular disease, and univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the influencing factors. Results A total of 386 patients completed the survey, including 235 males and 151 females, with an average age of （67.12±8.14） years. The average score of enthusiasm in patients with cardiovascular disease was （66.04±10.47）. Of the items on the scale, the score of “I can be responsible for managing my own health” was the highest, reaching （3.27±0.55）. The composition ratio of level 4 enthusiasm was the highest, with 201 cases, accounting for 52.07%. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the patients with cardiovascular disease who was male （β’=0.137）, with the active acquisition of relevant knowledge （β’=0.201）, high level of self-efficacy （β’=0.328）, and low degree of cardiovascular disease （β’=0.241） had higher enthusiasm. Conclusion The enthusiasm of patients with cardiovascular disease in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai is relatively high. The level of self-efficacy, gender, whether to actively acquire disease-related knowledge, and comorbidities have an impact on the enthusiasm of patients with cardiovascular disease in this region. In the future, it is necessary to continue to strengthen the work to improve the level of enthusiasm of this group.

Objective To investigate the loneliness status of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） in the community and analyze its influencing factors. Methods The elderly T2DM patients in the community were selected by random sampling method. The loneliness of T2DM patients was assessed by the Loneliness Scale （ULS-8）, the self-perceived aging was assessed by the Brief Ageing Perceptions Questionnaire （B-APQ）, and the depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patients Health Questionnaire Depressive Symptoms Scale （PHQ-9）. The correlation between the patient's ULS-8 score, B-APQ score, and PHQ-9 score was analyzed, and the factors that affected the occurrence of loneliness in patients were analyzed. Results The average ULS-8 score, B-APQ score, and PHQ-9 score of T2DM patients were （20.14±2.13）, （46.75±5.42）, and （6.23±1.54）, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the ULS-8 score was positively correlated with the B-APQ score and PHQ-9 score in T2DM patients （both P<0.01）. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that T2DM patients who were unmarried/divorced/widowed （β’=0.315）, with an educational level of high school and below （β’=0.458）, living alone （β’=0.217）, never exercise （β’=0.170）, high B-APQ score （β’=0.373）, high PHQ-9 score （β’=0.135） had a high sense of loneliness. Conclusion The ULS-8 score of T2DM patients is at a high level. Marital status, education level, living style, exercise situation, B-APQ score, and PHQ-9 score are the factors that affect loneliness in T2DM patients. Intervention measures should be taken for the above high-risk groups to minimize the loneliness of patients and promote their recovery.