Objective To analyze the prevalence and influencing factors of knee osteoarthritis （KOA） in residents ≥ 40 years old in Zhangjiakou area. Methods The residents ≥ 40 years old in Zhangjiakou area were selected for questionnaire survey, their knee joints were examined with anteroposterior and lateral X‐ray. The prevalence of KOA was investigated, and the risk factors of KOA were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression. Results Among the 1 264 residents ≥ 40 years old in Zhangjiakou, 279 cases were finally diagnosed with KOA, and the prevalence rate was 22.07%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that women （OR=2.248）, overweight/obesity （OR=1.389）, family history of KOA （OR=2.125）, history of knee surgery （OR=2.543）, combined diabetes （OR=3.426）, damp/dark living environment （OR=3.986）, and frequent stair climbing （OR=4.537） were independent risk factors for KOA in people ≥ 40 years old in Zhangjiakou area, and frequent eating seafood （OR=0.422） was a protective factor. Conclusions In Zhangjiakou, the prevalence rate of KOA is higher in residents ≥40 years old. Women, overweight/obese, family history of KOA, history of knee surgery, combined diabetes, damp/dark living environment, and frequent stair climbing residents should be considered as the high‐risk group for KOA prevention. It is recommended to ensure the consumption habit of seafood.

Objective To analyze the results of blood glucose and blood lipid among physical examinees in Qidong City, Jiangsu Province, and to provide the reference for the health management of related chronic diseases. Methods In this study, the physical examination data of 4 563 subjects who participated in health examinations at Qidong People's Hospital/Qidong Liver Cancer Institute in the second half of 2020 were collected, and their fasting blood glucose （FBG） , total cholesterol （TC） , triglyceride （TG） , high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL‐C）, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL‐C） were analyzed to explore the status quo of abnormal blood glucose and blood lipid. Results The abnormal rates of blood glucose and blood lipid among 4 563 physical examinees were 12.91% and 37.10% respectively. There were significant differences in the distribution of abnormal blood glucose in sex, age, occupation, body mass index （BMI）, and drinking （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The distribution of dyslipidemia was significantly different in sex, age, education, occupation, BMI, smoking, and drinking （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The prevalence of high TC, high TG, low HDL‐C, and high LDL‐C were 15.67%, 23.58%, 12.95%, and 11.04%, respectively. Conclusions Physical examinees in Qidong City have a high prevalence of abnormal blood glucose and lipid. It is recommended that the health care departments in the region strengthen the education work on sugar control and fat control, and advocate a healthy lifestyle.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological status of tobacco and factors affecting smoking behavior at colleges and universities in Zhaoqing City. Methods Stratified proportional sampling method was used to investigate students in 4 colleges and universities in Zhaoqing City, Chi‐square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of smoking behavior. Results Among 827 freshmen to juniors in Zhaoqing City, the average age was （20.00±1.53） years old, the male accounted for 43.41% and the female accounted for 56.59%, respectively. The smoking rate was 18.02% （149/827）, and the continuous smoking rate was 11.73% （97/827）. logistic regression analysis showed that male students （OR=2.710）, students believed that offering cigarettes was a social necessity （OR= 1.622）, students in their second year of school （OR=1.695）, those with parents who smoked （OR=2.305）, roommates who smoked in the dormitory （OR=2.509）, and students who were encouraged to smoke at classmate parties （OR=1.707） were more likely to smoke. Moreover, significant differences of smoking dose were found in the distribution of factors such as tobacco dependence, the impact of smoking on life, and the choice of tobacco type among students engaging in continuous smoking behaviors（P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Conclusions The smoking behaviors of college students in Zhaoqing City are related to factors such as gender, cognition of cigarette offering, school age, smoking behaviors of parents or roommates, and persuasion to smoke at classmate parties. We advocate building a smoke‐free environment between home and school, and carry out tobacco control intervention according to the psychological, behavioral, and environmental characteristics of college students at different school ages.

Objective To analyze the surveillance results of thalassemia and fetal hydrops syndrome in the birth defects surveillance system of Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2021. Method Description analysis was conducted to describe the incidence and diagnosis of thalassemia and fetal hydrops syndrome in Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2021. Results A total of 2 845 496 perinatal infants were monitored from 2011 to 2021. The proportion of mothers <20, 20-24, and 25-29 years old showed an overall downward trend, and the proportion of mothers 30-34 and ≥35 years old showed an overall upward trend, and the annual differences in the proportion of each age group were statistically significant （all P<0.01）. From 2011 to 2021, the overall incidence of thalassemia was 4.02/10 000, showing a downward trend, and the difference between years was statistically significant （P<0.01）; the overall incidence of fetal hydrops syndrome was 5.43/10 000, which showed a decreasing trend, and the difference between years was statistically significant （P<0.01）. The prenatal diagnosis rate of thalassemia increased from 39.75% to 82.39% （P<0.01）, the prenatal diagnosis rate of fetal hydrops syndrome increased from 88.04% to 100.00% （P<0.05）, and the average gestational weeks of prenatal diagnosed showed a decreasing trend. The diagnosis rate of thalassemia and fetal hydrops syndrome by chromosomal or genetic testing or combined with other methods increased from 30.78% in 2011 to 76.19% in 2021 （P<0.01）. Conclusion The overall incidences of thalassemia and fetal hydrops syndrome in Guangdong Province are decreasing, with an increase in prenatal diagnosis rates and a decrease in average gestational age.

Objective To investigate the incidence of retinopathy in elderly patients with hypertension and explore its influencing factors. Methods The elderly patients with hypertension treated at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Provincial Geriatric Hospital, and Hainan West Central Hospital from December 2019 to December 2022 were selected for the study. Eye examination, baseline data investigation, and laboratory index detection were performed on them, and the incidence of retinopathy in elderly patients with hypertension was analyzed by descriptive analysis method. The factors influencing the incidence of retinopathy in elderly patients with hypertension were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis methods. Results In this study, a total of 772 elderly patients with hypertension were included for retinopathy investigation, and a total of 402 cases of retinopathy were detected, with a detection rate of 52.07%, among which the detection rate of grade 1 retinopathy was 28.50%, grade 2 retinopathy was 16.71%, grade 3 retinopathy was 4.92%, and grade 4 retinopathy was 1.94%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed aged 75-89 years （OR=2.196）, duration of hypertension > 10 years （OR=2.305）, substandard blood pressure control （OR=2.158）, history of diabetes （OR=1.520）, history of dyslipidemia （OR=1.603）, uric acid > 420 μmol/L （OR=1.583）, vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）>142 μmol/L （OR=2.458）, hypersensitive C‐reactive protein （hs‐CRP）> 10 mg/L （OR=1.888） were the risk factors for retinopathy in elderly patients with hypertension. Conclusions The incidence of retinopathy in elderly patients with hypertension is high, which is affected by many factors. It is suggested that effective intervention measures can be developed according to the factors of age, disease course, blood pressure control, diabetes, dyslipidemia, uric acid, VEGF, hs‐CRP, etc., to reduce the incidence of retinopathy.

Objective To investigate the status of emergency response ability for major infectious diseases among medical staff in Xi'an, and analyze the relevant factors affecting emergency response ability, in order to provide the reference for the development of targeted epidemic emergency management measures. Methods In March 2022, the stratified cluster sampling method was used to select medical staff from some medical institutions in Xi'an for this study, and the “Wenjuanxing” network survey was used to investigate the emergency response ability of medical staff for major infectious diseases. Results The total score of emergency response ability of 1 056 medical staff was （120.83±11.69） points, with an average score of （3.18±0.63） points for the total items, and a total score rate of 63.61%.Among them, 83.14% of medical staff had a medium to low level of emergency response ability. The scoring rates of various dimensions of emergency response ability from high to low were prevention ability （65.41%）, rescue ability （64.37%）, and preparedness ability （59.18%）.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the hospital level was second grade A （β'=- 0.316）, professional title （senior） （β'= 0.374）, specialty type （preventive medicine） （β'= 0.635）, working years （β'= 0.283）, and whether they had participated in emergency training （β'= 1.017）, emergency drills （β'= 1.561）, and rescue of infectious disease emergencies （β'= 1.985） were the main influencing factors of emergency response ability among medical staff for major infectious diseases. In addition, 30.9% of the variation could be explained by hospital level, professional title, specialty type, working years, and participation in emergency training/drills and emergency rescue of infectious diseases. Conclusions The overall emergency response ability of medical staff in Xi'an for major infectious diseases is relatively low. It is necessary to focus on strengthening the rescue drills and training for medical staff with lower qualifications and professional titles in hospitals, in order to further improve their emergency response ability for major infectious diseases.

Objective To explore the status and influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods The pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus who established prenatal health records and gave birth in Hebei China Petroleum Central Hospital and Langfang Guang'an Hospital from June 2018 to November 2022 were taken as the subjects of the survey, and were followed up to the end of the delivery. The related data of pregnant women with adverse pregnancy outcomes and pregnant women with normal pregnancy outcomes were compared and analyzed, and multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Results A total of 2 027 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus were included, including 86 cases of polyhydramnios, 94 cases of postpartum hemorrhage, 98 cases of premature rupture of membranes, 108 cases of premature delivery, 101 cases of macrosomia, 86 cases of neonatal hypoglycemia, 92 cases of low birth weight, and 86 cases of neonatal asphyxia. The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes was 37.05% （751/2 027）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus included age ≥ 35 years （OR=3.618）, inappropriate weight gain during pregnancy （OR=3.762）, family history of diabetes （OR=2.246）, adverse pregnancy and childbirth history （OR=2.807）, three OGTT blood glucose abnormalities （OR=3.662）, low serum level of glucagon like peptide 1 （GLP-1） （OR=2.408）, high level of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1） （OR=1.489）, and high serum level of cathepsin S （Cat S） （OR=2.482）.Conclusions The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus is high. The influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus include old age, inappropriate weight gain during pregnancy, family history of diabetes, adverse pregnancy and childbirth history, and three OGTT blood glucose abnormalities,et al. In order to reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, targeted intervention and treatment should be carried out for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Objective To explore the status and influencing factors of exercise participation in patients with chronic heart failure. Methods The study subjects were patients with chronic heart failure who were treated at a hospital in Zhengzhou from January 2022 to January 2023. After discharge, the exercise status of patients was investigated through outpatient follow‐up. The descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the exercise status of patients with chronic heart failure, and univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the influencing factors of exercise frequency, exercise duration, and exercise intensity. Results Among 220 patients with chronic heart failure, 192 patients participated in aerobic exercise and 28 patients participated in resistance exercise. The main aerobic exercise participants were jogging （132 cases, 68.75%） and walking （114 cases, 59.38%）. Exercise frequency<3 times/week accounted for 60.91% （134 cases）, ≥3 times/week accounted for 39.09% （86 cases）; Exercise duration ≥30 min/time accounted for 55.45% （122 cases）,<30 min/time accounted for 44.55% （98 cases）; The intensity of<12 RPE accounted for 69.64% （151 cases）, and ≥12 RPE accounted for 31.36% （69 cases）. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gender （OR=0.635）, heart function （OR=0.360）, exercise fear score （OR=0.410）, and total SEE score （OR=3.071） were factors that affect exercise frequency; Age （OR=0.444）, heart function （OR=0.295）, exercise fear score （OR=0.378）, and total SEE score （OR=3.264） were factors that affect exercise duration; Age （OR=0.444）, heart function （OR=0.315）, other underlying diseases （OR=0.356）, exercise fear score （OR=0.410）, and total SEE score （OR=2.809） were factors that affect exercise intensity. Conclusion Patients with chronic heart failure mainly engage in aerobic exercise, and the frequency, duration, and intensity of exercise are influenced by factors such as gender and cardiac function and so on.

Objective To analyze the incidence and risk factors of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome within 1 year after discharge. Methods The patients with acute coronary syndrome who survived and were discharged from the hospital from January to December 2021 were taken for this study. The basic data and related clinical data of the patients were collected, and the follow‐up survey was conducted 12 months after discharge. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in discharged patients with acute coronary syndrome was analyzed descriptively, and the risk factors of major adverse cardiovascular events were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis methods. Results A total of 403 patients completed the basic data and related clinical data collection and follow‐up, and 161 cases with adverse cardiovascular events, with an incidence of 39.95%. The main cardiovascular events were recurrent hospitalization （15.63%）, arrhythmia （9.93%）, angina pectoris （5.96%）, and cardiogenic shock （3.23%）. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome with different age, hypertension, diabetes, severity of coronary artery disease, white blood cell count, platelet count, coping style, and self‐efficacy （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that older age （OR=1.581）, hypertension （OR=1.667）, diabetes （OR=3.221）, severe coronary artery disease （OR=1.957）, elevated white blood cell count （OR=1.522）, elevated platelet count （OR=1.539）, negative coping style （OR=1.783）, and low self‐efficacy （OR=1.278） were risk factors for major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Conclusions The risk of major adverse cardiovascular events within 1 year after discharge in patients with acute coronary syndrome is high, which is affected by many risk factors. We should pay attention to high‐risk groups, strengthen the monitoring of white blood cell count and platelet count, guide patients to actively respond to diseases, improve their self‐efficacy, prevent and reduce adverse cardiovascular events, and improve prognosis.

Objective To investigate the medication compliance of patients with Helicobacter pylori （Hp） infection and its impact on pathogen resistance. Methods Patients who underwent gastroscopy at Haikou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2020 to December 2022 and were confirmed to be Hp‐positive were selected for the study. A self‐designed questionnaire was used to collect general demographic data of the patients. After completing the anti‐Hp treatment, Morisky medication compliance questionnaire was used for investigation. Pretreatment gastric mucosal samples were collected for Hp resistance analysis. The descriptive analysis was used to analyze the medication compliance and drug resistance of Hp infected individuals. Univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the impact of medication compliance on pathogen resistance in Hp infected individuals. Results Among a total of 2 112 patients with Hp infection, 1 509 had good medication compliance, accounting for 71.44%. Among 2 112 Hp infected patients, 2 112 Hp strains were obtained, of which 126 were sensitive （5.97%）, 763 were single drug resistant （36.13%）, 559 were double drug resistant （26.47%）, and 664 were multiple drug resistant （31.43%）. The highest resistance rates of Hp to metronidazole and clarithromycin were 51.18% and 20.26%, respectively. Multi classification ordered logistic regression analysis showed that the use of ≥ 4 types of antibiotics （OR=1.881）, retreatment （OR=1.702）, insufficient medication compliance （OR=2.787）, use of levofloxacin within the past 3 months （OR=1.179）, use of amoxicillin within the past 3 months （OR=1.754）, and use of cefuroxime within the past 3 months （OR=1.991） were independent risk factors for Hp resistance. Conclusions Patients with Hp infection have poor medication compliance, and their drug resistance status is relatively severe. It is necessary to strengthen the management of medication compliance and drug resistance monitoring for Hp infected patients, and use drugs reasonably based on the drug resistance monitoring results.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infection and the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in the tertiary hospitals of Enshi City, grasp the trend of nosocomial infection, and provide reference for the subsequent development of scientific management and prevention measures. Methods A cross‐sectional survey was conducted on a fixed survey day every year from 2020 to 2022 to investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infection among all hospitalized patients in three tertiary hospitals in Enshi City. The distributions of departments and infection sites of nosocomial infection were analyzed, and the status of pathogen testing and distribution of pathogens were investigated. Results From 2020 to 2022, a total of 19 597 hospitalized patients were surveyed, with a confirmed investigation rate of 97.17%. The average prevalence of nosocomial infection was 3.01%, with a case prevalence of 3.57%. The prevalence and case prevalence of nosocomial infection in each year were gradually decreased （P<0.05）. In the past three years, the top three departments in terms of nosocomial infection prevalence were Intensive Care Medicine （13.87%）, Hematology （10.39%）, and Neurosurgery （7.11%）; The top three infection sites were the lower respiratory tract （39.48%）, upper respiratory tract （22.46%）, and urinary system （14.02%）. The usage rate of antibiotics was 30.16% during 2020 to 2022, and the usage rate of antibiotics showed a decreasing trend year by year （P<0.01）. The main purpose of using antibiotics was to treat or treat combined with prevent （79.78%）, with the highest proportion of single type antibiotics use （76.84%）. The rate of microbial sample submission before therapeutic use was 53.39%. From 2020 to 2022, the rate of microbial sample submission before antibiotics use showed an increasing trend year by year （P<0.01）. From 2020 to 2022, a total of 1 053 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected, with Gram‐negative bacteria being the most common, accounting for 60.40%, mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii; The second was Gram‐positive bacteria （32.95%）, mainly Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusions From 2020 to 2022, all indicators of nosocomial infection in the tertiary hospitals of Enshi City, Hubei Province were under the control range. However, it is still necessary to strengthen the infection prevention and control work in key departments and high‐risk sites, pay attention to the cultivation of pathogenic bacteria, and improve the rate of pathogen testing.

Objective To analyze the influencing factors of carotid plaque formation and stability in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease based on secondary prevention. Methods A questionnaire survey and carotid artery color ultrasound examination were conducted on patients diagnosed with ischemic cerebrovascular disease who were admitted to a hospital in Beijing from January 2019 to December 2022 and had been recorded in the hospital medical record management system. The descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the formation and stability of the carotid plaque in the patients, and univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the factors influencing carotid plaque formation and stability. Results A total of 2 050 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease were divided into 359 patients with plaque formation and 1 691 patients without plaque formation. Among the 359 patients with plaque formation, the plaque stability test showed that 162 patients had stable plaques and 197 patients had unstable plaques. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age≥80 years old （OR=4.495）, concomitant hypertension （OR=2.199）, concomitant hyperhomo‐cysteinemia （OR=3.235）, and intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis （OR=2.807） were risk factors for the formation of carotid plaques in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease; Following medical advice to use antiplatelet drugs （OR=0.276） and a reasonable diet （OR=0.358） were protective factors in reducing the formation of carotid plaques in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Age≥80 years old （OR=2.804） and concomitant hyperhomo‐cysteinemia （OR=2.707） were risk factors for the stability of carotid plaques in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease; Following medical advice to use antiplatelet drugs （OR=0.366） was a protective factor for the stability of carotid plaques in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Conclusion Based on the secondary prevention analysis, it is found that the elderly and intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis are the risk factors affecting the formation and stability of carotid plaque in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and following medical advice to use antiplatelet drugs is a protective factor.

Objective To understand the basic status of disinfection supply centers in secondary and above medical institutions in Taiyuan region, and to provide reference suggestions for further improving the construction standard of disinfection supply. Methods Using random sampling survey method, 43 secondary and above medical institutions in Taiyuan region were selected as the research subjects. A combination of questionnaire survey and on‐site survey was used to complete the survey on the current management status of disinfection supply centers in medical institutions. The descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the survey results. Results A total of 43 secondary and above medical institutions were surveyed, of which 24 were secondary hospitals and 19 were tertiary hospitals. Among the 43 medical institutions, 16 （37.21%） were located as independent disinfection supply centers. There were 34 medical institutions under centralized management, accounting for 79.07%; There were 15 medical institutions with unclear layout, accounting for 34.88%. There were 9 and 19 medical institutions with cross or countercurrent cleaning channels and polluted surrounding environment, accounting for 20.93% and 44.19%, respectively. There were 817 staff in 43 medical institutions, including 504 in tertiary hospitals and 313 in secondary hospitals. The staff positions were mainly nurses, accounting for 73.81%. The education and professional titles were mainly junior college and below and primary, accounting for 74.91% and 66.34%, respectively. And then, 51.29% of the staff had worked for less than 5 years. The configuration rate of facilities and equipment in tertiary hospitals was high, and the proportion of some facilities and equipment in secondary hospitals, such as ultrasonic cleaning device, low temperature sterilizer, and insulation detector, was low. There were only 16 medical institutions using the information quality traceability system, accounting for 37.21%. Conclusions There are some problems in the disinfection supply centers of secondary and above medical institutions in Taiyuan region, such as unreasonable building layout, insufficient hardware and software equipment, low professional level of staff, unimplemented centralized management, and inadequate traceability of information quality. Management should be strengthened to improve the quality of disinfection and sterilization.