Objective To understand the change of rubella incidence before and after the expanded program on immunization （EPI） in Hebei Province and give short‐term and long‐term evaluation of its preventive effect. Methods The incidence of rubella report in Hebei Province from 2004 to 2022 was collected,and a multiple linear regression model was established by interrupted time series analysis. According to the slope and coefficient,the effect of the EPI was evaluated. Results From 2004 to 2022,a total of 25 690 cases of rubella were reported,the reported annual average incidence was 1.925/100 000,accounting for 1.00% of the reported incidence of Class C infectious diseases. Results of interrupted time series regression model analysis indicated an increasing incidence of rubella reports before EPI in 2004-2008 （β₁=0.004 3,P<0.05）. In 2009,for the first year after the EPI,the short‐term intervention worked well,reported a decrease in incidence from previously. A decrease in incidence was reported in the post‐EPI phase from 2009 to 2022 （β₃=-0.005 6,P<0.05）. There was an overall downward trend in reported incidence after EPI （β₁+β₃=-0.001 3）. The reported annual average incidence decreased from 3.938/100 000 before EPI to 1.206/100 000 after EPI. Conclusions The use of interrupted time series regression model to evaluate the efficacy of rubella before and after the implementation of EPI can be extruded to other infectious diseases or diseases. It can provide new methods and ideas for professionals.

Objective To analyze the association between insufficient sleep at different time periods and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents in Guangdong Province,and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of overweight and obesity. Methods A multi‐stage stratified random sampling method was used to select children and adolescents aged 6-17 years from 13 cities and counties in Guangdong Province for questionnaire survey and physical measurement. logistic regression was used to analyze the association between insufficient sleep at different time periods and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents. Results A total of 431 cases of overweight/obesity were detected among 3 575 children and adolescents,with a prevalence rate of 12.06% （among which 6.80% were overweight and 5.26% were obesity）. The reported rates of insufficient sleep were 47.50%,54.41% and 24.17%,respectively,on weekdays,school days and weekends. logistic regression analysis showed that insufficient sleep during both school days and weekends was associated with overweight and obesity in children and adolescents（OR=1.45）. Stratified analysis found that girls （OR=1.63）,primary school students （OR=1.53）,and rural students （OR=2.52） were at increased risk of overweight and obesity when they had insufficient sleep during both school days and weekends. Conclusions Insufficient sleep is common among children and adolescents in Guangdong Province. More attention should be paid to girls,primary school students,and rural students,and ensuring sufficient sleep time during both school days and weekends can help reduce the occurrence of overweight and obesity.

Objective To understand the prevalence of overweight/obesity among Chinese adults,and to explore the relationship between nap duration,nighttime sleep duration and overweight/obesity. Methods Data were collected from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies （CFPS） database. Frequency and percentage were used to conduct general statistical description of overweight and obesity. Binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline were used to explore the relationship and nonlinear relationship between nap duration,nighttime sleep duration and overweight/obesity in adults. Results A valid sample of 20 955 individuals was included in this study,and the rates of overweight/obesity,napping habit,and insufficient nighttime sleep were 38.8% （8 137/20 955）,61.1% （12 806/20 955）,and 20.4% （4 279/20 955）,respectively. After controlling for confounders,nap duration 30~<60 min （OR=1.105）,60~<90 min （OR=1.143）,and ≥90 min （OR=1.207） was associated with overweight/obesity compared with no napping. Compared with nighttime sleep duration of 7-9 h,nighttime sleep duration<7 h was associated with overweight/obesity （OR=1.168）. The results of the restricted cubic spline showed that 30 min of nap duration and 8 h of nighttime sleep duration were the critical points,nap duration >30 min and nighttime sleep duration <8 h were associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity. The results of gender stratification showed that the nap duration 30~<60 min （OR=1.256） and ≥90 min （OR=1.146） were associated with overweight/obesity in men,and the nap duration 60~<90 min （OR=1.204） and ≥90 min （OR=1.346） were associated with overweight/obesity in women. Nighttime sleep duration<7 h was associated with overweight and obesity in men （OR=1.155） and women （OR=1.166）. There was an interaction between gender and nap duration 30~<60 min,60~<90 min,≥90 min,and nighttime sleep duration<7 h （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Conclusion Prolonged nap duration and insufficient nighttime sleep duration were closely associated with overweight/obesity in adults,and the effect of nap duration on overweight/obesity in adults needs further study.

Objective To analyze the growth and development status and related influencing factors of children aged 8-10 in Datong City,to explore effective intervention measures,and to provide the scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of abnormal growth and development of children. Methods The stratified cluster sampling was used to select school-age children aged 8-10 in Datong City as the survey objects. The growth and development information of children was collected by questionnaire survey,physical examination,and blood biochemical test. The descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the growth and development of children,and univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the influencing factors of growth development retardation. Results Data from 2 359 school-age children aged 8-10 were obtained,with an effective rate of 97.76%. There were 871 cases of developmental delay,with a rate of 36.92%. Among them,374 cases （15.85%）had growth retardation with a height-for-age Z-score< -2,260 cases （11.02%）had underweight with a weight-for-age Z-score<-2,and 237 cases （10.05%）had emaciation with a weight-for-height Z-score<-2. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that preterm birth （OR=1.963）,primary caregiver being grandparents （OR=2.154）,poor dietary habits （OR=2.994）,inadequate sleep （OR=3.330）,insufficient physical activity （OR=4.285）,calcium deficiency （OR=1.444）,iron deficiency （OR=2.886）,and poor mental health （OR=1.471）were influencing factors for growth development retardation in school-age children aged 8-10. Conclusions The rate of growth development retardation in school-age children aged 8-10 in Datong City is high,which is affected by many factors. It is necessary to pay attention to key groups according to the abnormal growth and development and its influencing factors,establish good life behavior habits,detect calcium,iron,and other trace elements,and pay attention to children’s mental health,to improve their growth and development health level.

Objective To study the characteristics and immune factor levels of rheumatoid arthritis cases and their impact on prognosis. Methods Patients with rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed and treated in a hospital of Weihui City from January 1,2021 to December 31,2022 were selected for this study. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis cases. According to the 28 joint Disease Activity Score （DAS28）,the prognosis was evaluated at three months after discharge,and the prognostic factors were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results There were 1 031 patients with rheumatoid arthritis,with a male to female ratio of 0.67∶1. The highest proportion was found in the age group of 37 to 50 years old,accounting for 47.72%. Symmetric polyarthritis was predominant,accounting for 94.57%,and small joint involvement was predominant,accounting for 80.12%. The main manifestations were morning stiffness （86.42%,891/1 031）,joint pain and tenderness （88.94%,917/1 031）,and joint swelling （66.34%,684/1 031）. The DAS28 score showed that there were 328 patients （31.81%）with good prognosis and 703 patients （68.19%）with poor prognosis. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate （ESR）,rheumatoid factor （RF）,and C-reactive protein （CRP）levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients with good prognosis were significantly lower than those with poor prognosis,and the differences were statistically significant （all P<0.01）. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age （OR=1.790）,number of affected joints （OR=3.025）,use of glucocorticoids （OR=0.266）,ESR level （OR=1.270）,RF level （OR=2.208）,CRP level （OR=1.447）,coping strategies （avoidance OR=1.404,yielding OR=2.330）,and functional status （OR=1.132）were all prognostic factors for rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusions Rheumatoid arthritis cases have certain gender,age distribution characteristics,and pathogenesis characteristics,and the levels of ESR,RF and CRP are increased. The prognosis of patients is affected by multiple factors such as age,number of affected joints,the use of glucocorticoids,levels of ESR,RF,and CRP,coping strategies,and functional status. According to individual characteristics and by monitoring ESR,RF,and CRP levels,targeted interventions should be taken to control the development of the disease and improve the prognosis.

Objective To explore the status of myopia in children and adolescents in Rugao City and analyze its influencing factors,to provide the reference information for promoting the visual health of children and adolescents in Rugao City. Methods From January to December 2022,7 primary schools and 7 middle schools were randomly selected from 3 streets and 11 towns under the jurisdiction of Rugao City. Children and adolescents who met the conditions in the selected schools were subjected to routine visual acuity examinations and questionnaire surveys. Descriptive epidemiological analysis was used to analyze the results of visual acuity examinations,and a survey of myopia related factors was conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the factors affecting myopia in children and adolescents. Results Among 4 811 effective subjects,1 296 cases of myopia were detected,and the myopia rate was 26.94%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age （OR=1.982）,BMI （OR=1.511）,close relatives myopia （OR=6.170）,daily outdoor activity time （OR=0.568）,maintaining correct reading and writing posture （OR=0.820）,single screen time （OR=3.600）,correct use of reading and writing desk lamps （OR=0.695）,other bad eye habits （OR=1.687）,regular visual acuity examinations （OR=0.417）,and the accuracy of parents' knowledge and behavior on myopia prevention and control （OR=0.674）were influencing factors for myopia in children and adolescents. Conclusions Myopia in children and adolescents in Rugao City needs to be improved,and it is influenced by various factors. The status of myopia needs to be taken seriously by education and medical administrative departments,and targeted prevention measures need to be formulated to promote the visual health of children and adolescents in the region.

Objective To analyze the Helicobacter pylori infection and its virulence factors among physical examinees and provide the reference information for prevention and treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among residents in Beijing who underwent physical examination in a physical examination center of a Beijing hospital from January to December 2022. Urea ¹³C breath test results and blood biochemical indicators were collected. The virulence factors of patients with positive urea ¹³C breath test were detected by protein chip method. Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the infection status and virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori among the physical examinees. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the influencing factors of Helicobacter pylori infection. Results A total of 2 746 physical examinees were investigated,with a male to female ratio of 1.05∶1 （1 405/1 341）,aged 21-76 years old,with the highest proportion of 40-49 years old [28.77% （790/2 746）]. The infection rate of Helicobacter pylori was 33.25% （913/2 746）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that drinking （OR=1.530）,eating out （OR=2.052）,eating pickled food （OR=1.822）,family history of Helicobacter pylori infection （OR=3.904）,fasting blood glucose abnormality （OR=1.980）,homocysteine abnormality （OR=1.766）,dyslipidemia （OR=1.498）,and cognitive level of Helicobacter pylori （OR=0.321）were influencing factors of Helicobacter pylori infection. The expression of Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated protein A （CagA）antibody （+）,vacuolating cytotoxin A （VacA）antibody （+）,and urease （Ure）antibody （+）in serum was the most common type of virulence factors in Helicobacter pylori infection,accounting for 39.54%. Conclusions The infection rate of Helicobacter pylori among physical examinees is relatively high,which is affected by many factors such as drinking,eating out,eating pickled food,family history of Helicobacter pylori infection,abnormal fasting blood glucose,abnormal homocysteine,dyslipidemia,and cognitive level of Helicobacter pylori. In addition,the expression of serum CagA antibody （+）is in the majority. Effective intervention measures can be taken according to the infection status and virulence factor characteristics to prevent and control the occurrence and development of Helicobacter pylori infection and related diseases.

Objective To analyze the relationship between reading habits and cognitive function among workers in an industrial park in Ningxia. Methods In an industrial park in Ningxia,convenience sampling was used to select all workers in some units for questionnaire survey and cognitive function assessment,and multiple linear regression model was constructed to analyze the relationship between reading habits and cognitive function of workers. Results A total of 1 764 workers were surveyed in an industrial park in Ningxia,of which 523 （29.65%） were engaged in the production and processing of starch,amino acids,and aginomoto,followed by 380 （21.55%） were engaged in metal smelting and machinery manufacturing. The average age of the workers was （35.48±9.22） years old,and there were 1 440 males （81.63%）. The average cognitive function score of the workers was （15.60±2.48）. Gender,age,educational level,marital status,occupational classification,work shift pattern,drinking,exercise status,and sleep quality were correlated with cognitive function （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The results of multiple linear regression showed that after adjusting for demographic factors,job factors,lifestyle factors,and behavioral factors,the cognitive function scores of occasional readers （β′=0.100） and frequent readers （β′=0.131） were higher than those of non‐readers （P<0.001）. Conclusions There is a correlation between reading habits and cognitive function of workers. Relevant intervention measures can be taken to cultivate good reading habits and prevent cognitive impairment of workers.

Objective To investigate the status of asthenopia in occupational population in ophthalmology clinic and further analyze its influencing factors,to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of asthenopia in occupational population. Methods Convenience sampling method was used to select the occupational population in Beijing who underwent physical examination in the ophthalmology clinic of a hospital in Beijing from July 2021 to June 2023 and had complete physical examination data. The basic personal conditions of the subjects were investigated,and the naked eye visual acuity,best corrected visual acuity,slit-lamp,and ophthalmoscopy were examined. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the occurrence of asthenopia in occupational population,and univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the related factors affecting asthenopia. Results In this study,2 104 occupational population were included,and 1 304 patients with asthenopia were detected,the detection rate was 61.98%,the naked eye visual acuity was 0.1-1.2,the best corrected visual acuity was > 1.0,and the slit-lamp examination did not detect the keratoconjunctival lesion. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age （OR=1.865）,education level （OR=1.702）,diabetes （OR=1.914）,occupation type （OR=2.277 for employees of enterprises and public institutions,OR=2.298 for civil servants）,higher intensity eye use （OR=1.788）,longer working years （OR=1.919）,and longer myopia （OR=2.208）were the risk factors for asthenopia in the occupational population,while sleep duration （OR=0.738）was a protective factor. Conclusion The detection rate of asthenopia in the professional population is high,so the visual monitoring and publicity of the professional population should be strengthened to alleviate asthenopia.