Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial‐temporal clustering of intestinal infectious diseases in Yunfu City from 2013 to 2022. Methods The reported data of intestinal infectious diseases in Yunfu City from 2013 to 2022 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and spatial‐temporal scanning statistics were used to analyze the reported incidence of intestinal infectious diseases. Results From 2013 to 2022, Yunfu City reported eight kinds of notifiable intestinal infectious diseases, with a total of 93 334 cases reported, with an annual reported incidence of 10.45 per 10 000 to 56.76 per 10 000, and an annual reported incidence of 39.16 per 10 000. The reported intestinal infectious diseases were mainly hand, foot and mouth disease and other infectious diarrheal diseases, accounting for 97.39% of the reported intestinal infectious diseases, and the annual reported incidence was 33.18 per 10 000 and 4.95 per 10 000, respectively. The reported incidence rate showed a decreasing trend （trend c²=65.837, P<0.01）. The incidence was seasonal, with bimodal distribution （May‐July and September‐October）, and at a low level from December to March. Cases were reported in all age groups, among which the group of 0-4 years old reported the most cases （77 118 cases, accounting for 82.63%）. The results of spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases reported in Yunfu City from 2013 to 2022 showed a spatial positive correlation at the street （town） scale （global Moran's I was 0.592, Z=7.439, P<0.05）, with spatial clustering. Hand, foot and mouth disease had different “hot spots” with high incidence. Spatial‐temporal scanning analysis showed that there were obvious spatial‐temporal clusters of intestinal infectious diseases in Yunfu City from 2013 to 2022, with one cluster area of class Ⅰ and one cluster area of class Ⅱ and one cluster season （May to October）. Hand, foot and mouth disease and other infectious diarrhea diseases had different cluster areas and cluster seasons （months）. Conclusions The intestinal infectious diseases reported in Yunfu City showed obvious spatial‐temporal clustering from 2013 to 2022. Targeted prevention and control measures should be taken in pre‐epidemic season and high‐risk streets （towns）.

Objective To understand the new infection rate of syphilis and its influencing factors among men who have sex with men （MSM） in Kunming, and to provide reference for comprehensive intervention measures to reduce the syphilis infection among MSM. Methods From June 2018 to December 2020, a prospective, open cohort of MSM was recruited using a combination of Internet, peer referral, and outreach. Questionnaires and serological tests were followed up every 6 months. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted by Cox regression model to investigate the influencing factors of new syphilis infection among MSM. Results A total of 198 MSM were enrolled in the cohort．The incidence was 1.36 per 100 person‐year for new syphilis infection. There were significant differences in sexual orientation [HR=4.526 （1.213-112.36）], ways of making friends [HR=4.274 （1.113-56.285）], and whether the subjects had been diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases in the past year [HR=0.045 （0.005-0.433）] （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that non‐Internet dating （HR=15.553） and sexually transmitted disease diagnosis in the past year （HR=59.129） were risk factors for syphilis infection among MSM. Conclusions Although the new infection rate of syphilis among MSM is low in Kunming, the risk is still high. A comprehensive intervention model should be adopted to reduce the incidence of syphilis infection.

Objective To analyze the knowledge, attitude, and practice （KAP）of dietary control among Helicobacter pylori （Hp）infected persons in Zhangjiakou City, and to explore the related influencing factors. Methods Using multi-stage stratified sampling, 10 communities in Zhangjiakou were randomly selected from October 2022 to March 2023, and at least 100 cases of Hp infection were recruited in the selected communities. Questionnaire survey was used to collect the basic information and KAP of dietary control of the respondents. Descriptive epidemiological analysis was used to analyze the status of KAP of dietary control, and univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the influencing factors. Results A total of 983 Hp infected persons were included in this study, and the score of dietary control knowledge dimension was （34.32 ± 3.68）, the score of attitude dimension was （13.03 ± 2.60）, and the score of practice dimension was （23.92 ± 3.29）. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that strongly positive Hp infection （β′=0.308）, college degree or above （β′=0.263）, complicated with gastrointestinal diseases （β′=0.109）, combined with underlying diseases （β′=0.118）, family history of Hp infection （β′=0.292）, and accepted dietary recommendations （β′=0.345）were influencing factors of knowledge dimension score; strongly positive Hp infection （β′=0.216）, college degree or above （β′=0.197）, complicated with gastrointestinal diseases （β′=0.095）, combined with underlying diseases （β′=0.262）, family history of Hp infection （β′=0.137）, accepted dietary recommendations （β′=0.244）, knowledge dimension score （β′=0.294）were influencing factors of attitude dimension score; strongly positive Hp infection （β′=0.219）, college degree or above （β′=0.137）, in-service （β′=0.185）, complicated with gastrointestinal diseases （β′=0.117）, combined with underlying diseases （β′=0.110）, family history of Hp infection （β′=0.131）, accepted dietary recommendations （β′=0.230）, knowledge dimension score （β′=0.381）, attitude dimension score （β′=0.126）were influencing factors of practice dimension score. Conclusions The KAP level of dietary control among Hp infected persons is low, which is affected by many factors, such as infection degree, education level, gastrointestinal diseases, and underlying diseases. Health education, dietary guidance, and other intervention measures can be taken to improve the KAP level of dietary control among Hp infected persons.

Objective To analyze the current status of polypoid lesion of gallbladder （PLG） and related risk factors in physical examination population in Shanghai. Methods From January 1 to December 31, 2021, the participants who underwent physical examination in East China Sanatorium were selected to collect their basic information and physical examination results. The PLG were examined by ultrasonography, and the related factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis methods. Results There were 4 902 healthy subjects, including 2 967 males, with an average age of （46.64±10.06） years. A total of 1 008 cases of PLG were detected, the total detection rate was 20.6%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female （OR=0.703）, bachelor degree or below （OR=0.667）, married （OR=0.028）, smoking （OR=1.350）, drinking （OR=22.270）, drinking milk frequently （OR=1.283）, Hp positive （OR=84.330）, frequent mental stress （OR=1.245）, and central obesity （OR=1.327） were associated with PLG. Conclusions The detection rate of PLG is relatively high in the health examination population in Shanghai. Males, smokers, drinkers, frequent mental stress, central obesity, HP positive individuals, and those who frequently drink milk have a higher risk of PLG.

Objective To analyze the output efficiency of medical services in the Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Greater Bay Area, and provide reference suggestions for the high‐quality development of regional health development. Methods Collecting the panel data of health resources and services in Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Greater Bay Area from 2015 to 2020, the BCC model of data envelopment analysis （DEA） was used to analyze the medical service efficiency of each evaluation unit and the Malmquist index was used to make a vertical comparison. Results From 2015 to 2020, the number of licensed （assistant） doctors, registered nurses, and beds in the Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Greater Bay Area increased by 6.9%, 6.9%, and 4.2% annually, the total number of visits and discharge patients declined for the first time in 2020 after years of continuous growth. In 2020, five regions including Foshan showed DEA efficiency, three regions including Zhuhai showed DEA invalid, all the DEA invalid units had insufficient output or redundant input. From the perspective of year, the total factor productivity change index （TFP） was greater than 1 in 2018-2019, and less than 1 in other years. From the perspective of regions, TFP of 11 evaluation units were less than 1. Conclusions The medical and health resources in the Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Greater Bay Area have steadily increased year by year, and the quantity of medical services dropped for the first time on the basis of long‐term growth. There were differences in service efficiency between the internal evaluation units of Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Greater Bay Area. Technological change was the bottleneck restricting the improvement of total factor productivity. Regional linkage needs to be strengthened to further improve the efficiency of medical services.

Objective To analyze the HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance data among college students in Guangdong Province from 2016 to 2021, with the aim of comprehending the prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections as well as discerning the evolving patterns of sexual behavior characteristics exhibited by college students in Guangdong Province, and to provide the reference for developing AIDS prevention and control measures in Guangdong Province. Methods A continuous cross‐sectional survey was conducted in cities with a high concentration of universities from 2016 to 2021. A phased cluster sampling method was used to collect anonymous questionnaires and blood samples from college students in selected areas, and to collect social demographics, sexual behavior information, and serological results of the survey subjects. The trend was analyzed using the Mantel‐Haenszel linear trend test. Results The detection rates of HIV/AIDS and syphilis among college students from 2016 to 2021 were 0 to 0.05% and 0 to 0.16%, respectively. The awareness rates of the severity of the disease and the main transmission routes of young students were both<80% （except in 2019）. The proportion of ever having sex, the proportion of having sex with permanent partners, temporary partners, commercial partners, homosexual partners in the last one year, the proportion of receiving intervention services in the last one year, the proportion of using condoms for the first sexual behavior, and the proportion of persisting condom use with permanent partners and temporary partners in the last one year showed a weak upward trend （r_s >0, P<0.05）. The average age of first sexual behavior was （20.00±1.89）. The first sexual behavior partners were mainly boyfriend/girlfriend （86.73%-92.91%）; the AIDS knowledge awareness rate of college students who had received intervention services in the last one year was higher than that of college students who had not received intervention services （P<0.01）. Conclusions From 2016 to 2021, the positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibodies among college students in Guangdong Province remained stable at a low level, and the characteristics and patterns of major sexual behaviors of college students did not change significantly. The HIV/AIDS propaganda and intervention work for college students has played a more obvious role, and the intervention for college students should be advanced.

Objective To investigate the sleep disorders and their influencing factors in occupational pneumoconiosis patients. Methods A total of 1 176 occupational pneumoconiosis patients were selected by convenient sampling method to investigate their employer information, individual information, and pneumoconiosis related situation. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to explore the influencing factors of sleep disorders. Results A total of 994 （84.52%） patients with occupational pneumoconiosis had sleep disorders, and the median PSQI score was 12 （10, 14） points, including 13 （11, 15） points in the group with sleep disorders and 4 （3, 5） points in the group without sleep disorders （P < 0.01）. Compared with occupational pneumoconiosis patients without sleep disorders, the scores of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, sleep medication use, and daytime dysfunction in occupational pneumoconiosis patients with sleep disorders were significantly higher （all P < 0.01）. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that marital status （OR _other =1.553）, health status （OR _general =0.473, OR _satisfactory =0.759）, quality of life （OR _better =0.110, OR _good =0.085）, and type of employer （OR _{private enterprise} =1.205） were associated with sleep disorders in occupational pneumoconiosis patients. Conclusions Occupational pneumoconiosis patients have high incidence of sleep disorders, which are related to marital status, health status, quality of life, and the type of employer.

Objective To investigate the incidence of nosocomial infection and its risk factors in patients with hip fracture. Methods Patients with hip fracture undergoing in-patient surgery in three general hospitals in Baoding City from January 2020 to January 2023 were selected for this study. Disease-related information was collected and nosocomial infections were followed up. Biological samples of suspected infected patients were collected for pathogen culture and identification, and the incidence of nosocomial infections was analyzed by descriptive analysis. The risk factors of nosocomial infection were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis methods. Results A total of 1 012 patients were enrolled in this study, among whom 87 developed nosocomial infections （8.60%）. These infections included 42 cases of urinary system infection, 26 cases of pulmonary infection, 10 cases of surgical incision infection, and 9 cases of other infections. Among the patients with nosocomial infections, a total of 98 strains of pathogenic bacteria were cultured：30 gram-positive bacteria （30.61%）, 67 gram-negative bacteria （68.37%）, and one fungus （1.02%）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age （OR=1.581）, underlying disease （OR=1.442）, duration of surgery （OR=1.689）, postoperative bed time （OR=1.730）, postoperative hospital stay （OR=1.530）, invasive procedures （OR=1.659）, intraoperative allogeneic blood transfusion （OR=1.436）, and seasonality factors （OR=1.637）were identified as risk factors for nosocomial infections in patients with hip fracture. Conclusions The incidence of nosocomial infection in patients with hip fracture is significantly high, predominantly attributed to gram-negative bacteria. Age, underlying disease, duration of surgery, postoperative bed time, postoperative hospital stay, invasive procedures, intraoperative allogeneic blood transfusion, and seasonality factors are identified as risk factors for nosocomial infection in patients with hip fracture.

Objective To analyze the knowledge, attitude, and practice of secondary prevention in patients with ischemic stroke in Shangqiu City, as well as their influencing factors. Methods Convenient sampling method was used to select patients with stable ischemic stroke who were diagnosed and treated in two hospitals in Shangqiu City from June 2022 to June 2023 for this study. The knowledge, attitude, and practice of secondary prevention were investigated, and the influencing factors were analyzed. Results A total of 1 530 patients with stable ischemic stroke were investigated, of which 1 483 were effectively investigated, aged 18-76 years old, with a higher proportion of ≥61 years old. The sex ratio of male to female was 1.328∶1. The total average scores of secondary prevention knowledge, attitude, and practice were （30.03±5.88）, （40.63±7.62）, and （38.73±8.22）, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age （β′= 0.184, 0.115, 0.187）, combined with underlying diseases （β′= 0.253, 0.266, 0.221）, family history of ischemic stroke （β′= 0.195, 0.071, 0.204）, receiving publicity/lectures on ischemic stroke （β′= 0.256, 0.189, 0.217）, social support （β′= 0.319, 0.613, 0.375）were the common influencing factors on the scores of prevention and control knowledge, attitude, and practice （all P <0.05）. Educational level （β′= 0.263, 0.394）, marital status （β′= 0.152, 0.148）, and resident manner （β′= 0.176, 0.261）were the influencing factors of prevention and control knowledge and practice （all P<0.05）. Disease duration （β′= 0.284）was the influencing factor of prevention and control attitude （P<0.05）. According to Pearson correlation analysis, there was a significant positive correlation （all P<0.05）between knowledge and attitude （r=0.449）, knowledge and practice （r=0.621）, and attitude and practice （r=0.635）. Conclusions The levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice of secondary prevention in patients with stable ischemic stroke in Shangqiu City are generally low. Active measures can be taken to improve the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice of secondary prevention in patients through age, complicated underlying diseases, family history of ischemic stroke, receiving publicity/lectures on ischemic stroke, and social support.