Objective To examine the association between tea drinking and susceptibility to breast cancer. Methods A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. Breast cancer cases (n=464) and nontumorous patients (n=464) were recruited from two affiliated hospitals of Sun Yat-sen University between April 2012 and September 2013. Each individual was interviewed with a questionnaire including socio-demographic factors, dietary habits, menstrual and reproductive histories, disease and family histories, living habits and physical activity. A multivariate unconditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between tea drinking and breast cancer risk. Results The average age for cases was (46.78±10.36) years (mean±SD) and for controls (46.58±10.84) years. Two hundred and nineteen cases (47.2%) and 263 controls (56.7%) had the habit of often drinking tea. The logistic regression analyses were adjusted for age, family income, physical activity, passive smoking, coffee drinking, family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relatives, and history of benign breast disease. A significant negative association was found between tea drinking and breast cancer risk (OR=0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.97). The frequency and amount of tea drinking had dose-response relationships with breast cancer risk (all P trend<0.01). Further analyses revealed that only oolong tea drinking had a negative association with breast cancer risk (OR=0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.93), and the risk decreased with the increased amount of oolong drinking (Ptrend<0.05). Stratified analysis by menopausal status showed that the significant negative association between tea drinking and breast cancer risk were found in postmenopausal women (OR=0.58; 95% CI, 0.36-0.94). Conclusion Tea drinking was negatively associated with breast cancer risk. This potential protective effect may be restricted to oolong tea drinking women and postmenopausal women.

Objective To explore suicidal ideation and its relevant factors in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and provide the basis for making AIDS care intervention countermeasure. Methods General condition questionnaire and Self-rating Idea of Suicide Scale ( SIOSS) were used in the survey. Face to face survey was conducted in PLWHA at AIDS VCT clinics, Panyu District, Guangzhou City. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results Of 144 cases of PLWHA in the survey, 67.36% (97/144) were male, 32.64% (47/144) were female, and the average age was(36.9±10.8) years (mean±SD). 29.17%（42/144）have suicidal ideation. The rate of suicidal ideation was higher in those without job/unemployed（50.00%, 9/18）than those with job（26.29%, 33/126）, higher in those with technical/secondary school/high school（32.52%, 40/123）than those with college degree or above（9.52%, 2/21）, higher in persons living alone (58.33%, 7/12) than persons living with family (26.52%, 35/132), higher in those with the CD4 cell count ≤200 cells/μL (47.83%, 11/23) than those with the CD4 cell count >200 cells/μL (25.62%, 31/121), all P<0.05. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the employment status (adjusted OR:4.813, 95% CI: 1.250-18.526) and the resident manner (OR: 8.832, 95% CI: 1.330-58.661) were associated with the risk of suicidal ideation. Conclusion The prevalence of suicidal ideation was widespread among PLWHA. In the course of the follow-up care, effective and comprehensive support system should be established to improve the psychological status of PLWHA.

Objective To explore manners and influencing factors of the floating population handling medical imperfection or negligence during the process of receiving medical services in Panyu District, Guangzhou City. Methods Subjects were selected by a stratified cluster sampling method from the floating population working in enterprises of Shilou Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, and having lived there over 6 months, for questionnaire investigation. Contents of the questionnaire included demographic characteristics, payment methods for medical expenses, views on hospital-patient relationship during the visit, manners of handling medical imperfection or negligence, compensation, etc. Descriptive epidemiology method were used to analyze demographic characteristics and manners of handling medical imperfection or negligence. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were applied to test eight factors (age, gender, educational background, marital status, length of residence, monthly income, payment methods for medical expenses, and views on hospital-patient relationship during the visiting) probably influencing manners of subjects handing medical imperfection or negligence. Results A total of 1 370 questionnaires were delivered and 1 324 valid ones were recovered, with a response rate of 96.64%. Of the participants, 687 were males and 637 were females, 97.2% (1 287/1 324) of them were aged 16 to 45 years, and 70.2% (930/1 324) had month income from 1 501 to 3 000 Yuan. If medical imperfection or negligence occurred, 43.8% (580/1 324) of respondents chose to be understandable, but want the hospital to apologize and provide a remission of medical expenses; 30.2% of them would actively seek justice by written complaints; for the compensation, 60.1% of them chose to refer to the compensation amount once claimed for the similar dispute in the same area, and 19.0% of them expected to waive all medical expenses. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the subjects aged 36-45 years (OR=1.81), paying medical fees at their own expenses (OR=1.92), monthly income at 1 501-3 000(OR=2.85) and 1 500 Yuan or below (OR=2.16), and considering the hospital-patient relationship to be consumer-service relationship (OR=1.94), or contractual relationship (OR=2.38) were risk factors of handling medical imperfection or negligence in extreme manners. Conclusion Most floating people in Panyu District, Guangzhou would take rational manner to handle medical imperfection or negligence, but some would tend to deal with it in an extreme manner. Medical practitioners should pay more attention to communicating with the floating people at middle age, self-paying medical fees, and low income to prevent medical disputes.

Objective To examine the status and equity of demographic and geographic human resource allocation for AIDS prevention and control. Methods The human resources data (gender, age, education level and professional title) of staff working for AIDS prevention and control and 11 HIV/AIDS projects in 2012 were collected by questionnaire from 5 city-level CDCs and 19 county-level CDCs in Ningxia. Gini coefficient was used to measure the equity of human resource in different areas. Results A total of 82 staff were investigated. Their average age was (38.61±8.31) years (mean±SD). Of them, 67.1% were females and 51.2% were undergraduate. The proportion for the staff with senior, associate-senior, middle, and junior titles was 1∶2.8∶6.2∶6.4. Among 11 HIV/AIDS projects, 7 were implemented by all CDCs. Other four projects including AIDS comprehensive demonstration zone, maternal infant blocks, sentinel surveillance, and disease reporting and handling, were completed by 25.0% (6/24), 37.5% (9/24), 54.2% (13/24), and 91.7% (22/24) of all agencies. The Gini coefficient was 0.137 5 by population, 0.325 1 by local geographic area and 0.316 6 by epidemic. Conclusion The demographic, geographic allocation and epidemic of AIDS staff were fair. But the structure and distribution of the professional titles and education levels needs to be optimized.

Objective To understand the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and its influencing factors among adult residents in Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang City. Methods Based on the Handbook of Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey 2010, residents aged 18 years and over in Xinhua District, Shijia-zhuang City were selected by multistage cluster stratified random sampling fo investigation. Survey contents included questionnaire interview (family members' basic information, personal health status, etc.), physical examination (height, weight, waist circumstance, and blood pressure), and laboratory testing (fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, impaired fasting glucose［IFG］, total cholesterol［TC］, triglyceride［TG］, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol［HDL-C］). Based on descriptive epidemiology analysis, univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze risk factors of type 2 diabetes. Results A total of 908 residents aged 18 years and over were selected from Xinhua District, including 392 males and 516 females. Participants aged 18-44, 45-59, and 60 years and over accounted for 38.88% (353/908), 31.83%(289/908), and 29.30% (266/908) of the all subjects, respectively. The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes and prevalence of IFG were 13.22% (120/908) and 8.37% (76/908), respectively; accordingly, their standardized prevalence rates were 9.41% and 7.03%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that age rising (OR=3.198), central obesity (OR=2.798), and high TC (OR=1.617) were strongly associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Age rising (OR=1.411), higher BMI (OR=1.570), and hypertension (OR=2.364) were the risk factors for IFG (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion The prevalence of type 2 diabetes of residents aged 18 years and over was serious in Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang City. Age rising, central obesity, and high TC were risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes.

Objective To study the pathogenic characteristics of pneumoconiosis in Zhongshan City and provide basis for prevention and control measures for pneumoconiosis. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze data collected from Chinese CDC occupational disease network reporting system from 2006 to 2013. Results A total of 136 cases of pneumoconiosis (all male) were reported in 8 years, of which 72 cases were in pneumoconiosis stage I (52.94%, 72/136), 46 cases in stage II (33.82%, 46/136), and 18 cases in stage III (13.24%,18/136); age of onset was (41.10±6.14) years (mean±SD) (range, 30.67-57.50 years); the dust exposure time was (5.78±3.13) years (range, 1.0-13.0 years). The main type of pneumoconiosis was silicosis (86.03%, 117/136). The main types of work relating pneumoconiosis were other types (42.65%, 58/136) and blaster (31.62%, 43/136). The industry distribution was mainly the non metal mining industry (44.12%, 60/136) and manufacturing (19.85%, 27/136). Small enterprises were the main type of business (70.59%, 96/136).Pneumoconiosis cases were distributed in 15 towns (districts), and the top three towns were Nanlang (36.03%, 49/136), Urban (19.12%, 26/136), and Sanxiang (17.65%, 24/136). The rate of pneumoconiosis complicated with tuberculosis was 3.68% (5/136). Conclusion Clinical features of pneumoconiosis were characterized by most cases with silicosis, onset at middle ages, and short length of service in Zhongshan City from 2006 to 2013. Small non metal mining and manufacturing industries were key enterprises for prevention and control of dust hazards.

Objective To analyze the genetic characteristics of different serotypes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) isolated from two food poisoning outbreaks. Methods The first outbreak occurred in the canteen of an electronic company in Shenzhen on May 17, 2010. About 20 people were infected. Nine anal swabs from patients and 3 suspicious food samples were collected. Twenty suspicious colonies were selected for each sample after culture. The second outbreak occurred in a catering center in Shenzhen on July 1, 2010. About 10 persons were infected. Seven anal swabs from patients, 2 suspicious food and 3 tray swabs samples were collected. Ten suspicious colonies were selected for each sample after culture. Each suspicious colony was identified using salt tolerance test, biochemical test, and serotyping. Different serotyping isolates were collected from both outbreaks, and characterized by tdh, trh, GS-PCR, orf 8 gene detection and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Results One hundred and eighty Vp isolates were collected from the first outbreak, of which, 107 isolates were serotype O3:K6,70 were O2:K28, 1 was O4:K34,1 was O3:K25,and 1 was O4:K12. Eighty Vp isolates were collected from the 2nd outbreak, of which, 44 isolates were serotype O3:K6, 10 were O4:K8, 10 was O11:K36, 10 was O11:K19 and 6 were O1:K56. All isolates of O3:K6, O1:K56, O4:K8, O11:K36 were positive for tdh, while negative for trh gene detection. The other isolates of O2:K28, O4:K12, O3:K25, O4:K34, and O11:K19 were negative for both genes. The isolates of O3:K6 and O11:K36 showed positive for both GS-PCR and orf 8 gene detection, while all the other isolates were negative for serotypes. PFGE analysis indicated that the PFGE pattern of 2 isolates (O2:K28) from patients were identical with 3 isolates (O2:K28) from food in the first outbreak, and 4 isolates (O3:K6) from patients were identical with 1 isolate (O3:K6) from egg tray swab in the second outbreak. PFGE patterns of isolates of O3:K6 from both outbreaks were identical. Vp isolates from the same sample with different serotypes were unrelated. Conclusion The first food poisoning outbreak was related to food contaminated by Vp and the second outbreak was related to egg tray contaminated by Vp. The serotyping and genetic data suggests that Vp with different serotypes from the same sample belong to different clonal complex, and are unrelated isolates in genetics.

Objective To analyze the pathogenic characteristics and epidemiological data of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) cases in Dongguan City from 2010 to 2012, and provide the reference for timely adjustment of the prevention and control scenario. Methods Specimens of HFMD cases including surveillance cases, severe cases and outbreaks in Dongguan City from 2010 to 2012 were collected for detecting the specific nuclear acids of general enterovirus, Coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16), and Enterovirus 71 (EV 71) by Real-time RT-PCR. Results A total of 2 282 samples of HFMD cases were detected and 2 026 were general enterovirus nuclear acids positive, with a detection rate of 88.78%（2 026/2 282). Of the 2 026 cases, 937 (46.25%) were infected with EV 71, 372 (18.36%) were Cox A16, 2 (0.10%) were mixed infection of EV 71 and Cox A16, and 715 (35.29%) were other enterovirus, respectively. EV 71 was the major pathogen (60.63%, 516/851) in 2010. While the other enteroviruses were predominant in 2011 (39.29%, 211/537) and 2012 (44.67%, 285/638）, respectively. HFMD occurred all the year round and the peak of HFMD cases were mainly from April to June each year (41.24%, 941/2 282). Most of the cases were children under 5 years (92.73%, 2 116/2 282). Of all the cases, 1 483 were males and 799 were females. Of the 2 026 cases, 1 429 (70.53%) were mild and 587 (28.97%) were severe. EV 71 was the predominant pathogen in severe cases (81.43%, 478/587), as well as in all death cases(10 cases). Conclusion EV 71 was the predominant pathogen of HFMD in Dongguan City in 2010. However, other enteroviruses became predominant in 2011 and 2012. EV 71 is still the predominant type for severe and fatal HFMD cases.

Objective To develop proficiency testing samples for pathogenic bacteria in cosmetics, then to set up an effective sample preparation process, and establish a scientific and reasonable evaluation basis. Methods The medium ingredients for proficiency testing samples of cosmetics were determined by screening experiment, and then prepared as cosmetic solution. After sterilization, the medium solution was mixed with testing objects (testing indicator bacteria and related interference bacteria in cosmetics), and dispensed into freeze-dried glass tubes. Next, the mixture was sublimated and crystallized by freezing and drying technology, then testing samples were vacuumed and encapsulated. Finally, inter-laboratory comparisons were conducted after uniformity and stability tests of the proficiency testing samples to evaluate the laboratory testing capabilities and validate expected results. Results Six cosmetics (Skim milk powder, Trehalose, Glycerol, Vaseline, Tween-80, and Methoxy ethyl cinnamate ethyl ester) were determined as medium ingredients for proficiency testing samples, then mixed with testing objects. The sampling results of 36 samples to be identified by sampling ratio 10% showed that the proficiency testing sample had good uniformity. The stability tests were proceeded at refrigerated storage temperature, room temperature (25 to 28 ℃), and raising temperature. The data showed that the significant change was not observed in the bacteria amounts in proficiency testing sample within 35 days at 4 ℃ and room temperature (all P>0.05). At 37 ℃ and 42 ℃, the amount of bacteria decreased quickly. However, the samples would be stable for 16 days or less at 37 ℃, and 12 days or less at 42 ℃. The inter-laboratory comparisons by 21 comparison labs showed that the satisfaction was 90.5% and basic satisfaction was 9.5%. Conclusion The preparation of freeze-drying proficiency testing samples in this study is suitable for proficiency testing of pathogenic bacteria in cosmetics.