Objective To analyze the duration of exclusive breastfeeding in premature infants and its influencing factors, to provide a basis for the continuous improvement of exclusive breastfeeding quality in premature infants. Methods According to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, premature infants who were hospitalized in the NICU preterm birth area of a tertiary maternal and child health care hospital in Changsha City from October 2020 to January 2021 were selected as the research subjects. The information related to the duration of exclusive breastfeeding of premature infants during hospitalization were extracted from the HIS system, and the influencing factors of the duration of exclusive breastfeeding of premature infants were investigated by independent sample t-test, analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results The duration of exclusive breastfeeding in premature infants was （3.61±2.43） months. There was a statistically significant difference in the duration of exclusive breast-feeding between premature infants with different maternal employment, whether twins or not, different delivery mode, whether family members supported breast-feeding, and different lactation times （all P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the mother was unemployed （β'=0.193）, non-twin （ β'= 0.270）, and family members did not support breastfeeding （ β'=-0.242） were related to the duration of exclusive breastfeeding in premature infants （all P<0.01）. Conclusions The duration of exclusive breastfeeding of premature infants needs to be improved urgently. Maternal employment, twins, and family support for breastfeeding are the influencing factors for the duration of exclusive breastfeeding of premature infants.

Objective To investigate the physical activity levels of patients with chronic diseases in the communities of Zhangjiakou City, and analyze the factors that influence the insufficient physical activity among patients, to provide a basis for further targeted guidance on physical activity among patients with chronic diseases. Methods A self‐designed general data table and International Physical Activity Questionnaire （IPAQ） were used to investigate the general situation and physical activity level of 953 patients with chronic diseases. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the status of physical activity in patients with chronic diseases, and binary Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of insufficient physical activity in patients with chronic diseases. Results The investigation of total physical activity in one week showed that the proportions of active physical activity （high level）, sufficient physical activity （medium level）, and insufficient physical activity （low level） in 953 patients with chronic diseases were 12.91% （123 cases）, 49.42% （471 cases）, and 37.67% （359 cases）, respectively. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that female （OR=0.743）, age ≥60 years old （OR=0.630）, higher education level （OR=0.899, 0.843, 0.769）, body mass index （BMI） ≥24 kg/m² （OR=1.687）, per capita household income >6 000 yuan （OR=0.743）, live in rural areas （OR=0.810）, occupation in agriculture, forestry, husbandry, and fishery （OR=0.746）, unemployment or retirement （OR=0.719）, the types of chronic diseases including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and chronic respiratory diseases （OR=3.043） were the influencing factors of insufficient physical activity in patients with chronic diseases. Conclusions The insufficient physical activity in patients with chronic diseases is relatively serious. Interventions for physical activity should be strengthened and corresponding guidance and suggestions should be provided for high‐risk groups who are male, have low education level and economic income, are overweight or obese, have less time and opportunities to exercise at work, and have cardiopulmonary function impairment.

Objective To understand the incidence of episodic memory disorder in the elderly population and analyze its influencing factors. Methods Convenience sampling method was used to randomly select 11 communities in Xi'an, with 100 elderly people selected from each community as survey subjects. Imaging methods, scale evaluation, and EEG testing were used to evaluate the incidence of episodic memory disorder, and influencing factors were investigated. Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the incidence of episodic memory disorder in the elderly population, and univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on its influencing factors. Results A total of 986 elderly people were investigated for episodic memory disorder and its influencing factors. There were 622 males （63.08%） and 364 females （36.92%）, aged 61 to 89, with an average age of （73.69 ± 5.21） years. The evaluation results showed 156 cases of episodic memory disorder, with an incidence rate of 15.82%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age （OR=3.177）, reading habits （OR=0.266）, household chores （OR=0.254）, social interaction （OR=0.381）,depression（OR=2.762）,anxiety （OR=2.912）, risk of malnutrition （OR=2.307）, and sleep disorders （OR=2.375） were influencing factors of episodic memory disorder in the elderly population. Conclusions The incidence of episodic memory disorder in the elderly population is high in Xi'an City. Targeted intervention aimed at the risk factors of episodic memory disorder may help to reduce the incidence of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly, thus providing a reference for improving the quality of life of the elderly.

Objective To analyze the status of frailty in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and its influencing factors in Luoyang region, to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of frailty. Methods From January 2020 to June 2022, a questionnaire survey was conducted among patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in 4 hospitals in Luoyang City, Henan Province, to obtain relevant data. The descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the frailty status of patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the influencing factors of frailty of patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Results In this study, a total of 3 375 patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were analyzed, and 1 581 patients had different degrees of frailty, with an incidence rate of 46.84%. Among 1 581 patients with frailty, 1 075 cases were in the pre‐frailty stage, accounting for 67.99%, and 506 cases were in the frailty stage, accounting for 32.01%. The results of ordered multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that female （OR=1.606）, aged 65 and over （OR=3.513, 6.201, 7.628）, moderate to severe severity of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases （OR=1.491, 1.682）, number of chronic diseases ≥ 1 （OR=1.406）, living alone （OR=1.341）, family per capita monthly income ≤ 5 000 yuan （OR=1.442, 1.301）, smoking （OR=1.255, 1.593）, drinking （OR=1.215, 1.649）, irregular exercise （OR=1.360）, insufficient sleep at night （OR=1.197）, and poor nutritional status （OR=1.273） were independent influencing factors for frailty in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Conclusions Nearly half of the patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Luoyang region have frailty. Gender, age, severity of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, number of chronic diseases, living conditions, family per capita monthly income, smoking, drinking, regular exercise status, night sleep status, and nutritional status are all important factors affecting frailty.

Objective To explore the status and influencing factors of sleep disorders among hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular disease in Xi'an City. Methods Patients with cerebrovascular disease hospitalized in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College from January 2017 to January 2019 were included in the study. Sleep condition, general information, disease information, and hospitalization information of patients were collected by questionnaire and patient medical record system to analyze the risk factors affecting sleep disorders in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Results A total of 1 957 hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular disease were included, of them 1 435 patients developed sleep disorders, with the incidence of sleep disorders being 73.37%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that depression （OR=2.356）, anxiety （OR=2.466）, positive MMPI index （OR=4.957）, lesion location on the left （OR=1.555）, anterior circulation lesion （OR=1.443）, NIHSS score >15 （OR=11.415）, coronary heart disease （OR=2.723）, pulmonary infection （OR=10.676）, urinary tract infection （OR=38.629）, number of patients in the ward>2（OR=1.392) and chaperones as other relatives or carers（OR=1.129） were independent influencing factors for sleep disorders in hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions The incidence of sleep disorders among hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular disease is high in Xi'an. Among the various risk factors, the disease factor of the patient should be actively treated in the clinic. For controllable external influences, medical staff and patients' families should actively intervene to alleviate problems caused by sleep disorders and improve patient outcomes.

Objective To analyze the completion rate of orthodontic treatment and its influencing factors among primary and secondary school students aged 6-15 in Hefei City, to provide a reference for reducing treatment interruption. Methods Primary and secondary school students aged 6-15 in Hefei City were selected for oral examination by cluster random sampling method between August 2019 and August 2020, and patients who required orthodontic treatment after the examination were selected as subjects. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the relevant factors on the completion rate of orthodontic treatment. Results A total of 5 123 students underwent oral examinations in the study, of which 509 required orthodontic treatment. Of the 509 cases of orthodontic treatment, 433 cases （85.07%） completed orthodontic treatment, 76 cases （14.93%） were incomplete. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age （OR=2.333）, parental education （OR=2.748, 2.326）, orthodontic time （OR=2.217）, orthodontic appliance （OR=2.416）, classification of malocclusion （OR=0.355）, dentition （OR=2.732）, dental anxiety （OR=3.337）, voluntary orthodontic acceptance （OR=2.565）, oral hygiene （OR=2.470）, and trust in a doctor （OR=2.145） were all independent influencing factors for the completion of orthodontic treatment. Conclusions The completion rate of orthodontic treatment for primary and secondary school students aged 6-15 in Hefei City is relatively high, but there are still cases of treatment interruptions. Targeted interventions can be conducted early based on relevant influencing factors to improve the completion rate of orthodontic treatment.

Objective To investigate the secondary prevention medication and compliance of patients with coronary heart disease, and to provide a reference for controlling the condition of coronary heart disease. Methods From January 2021 to April 2022, patients diagnosed with coronary heart disease in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College were selected for investigation. The survey content included the basic information of patients, secondary prevention medication, and compliance. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze secondary prevention medication in patients with coronary heart disease, and univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the influencing factors of compliance with secondary prevention medication. Results A total of 1 295 patients with coronary heart disease were included in this study for analysis. Of them, 964, 780, 679, and 482 patients were treated with aspirin/Clopidogrel sulfate, β-blockers, statins lipid‐lowering drugs, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors （ACEI）/angiotensin receptor blocker （ARB）, accounting for 74.44%, 60.24%, 52.44%, and 37.22%, respectively. The compliance of 1 295 patients with coronary heart disease was 35.60% （461/1 295）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that gender （OR=2.331）, education level （OR=1.972）, living style （OR=3.009）, course of disease （OR=1.777）, other underlying diseases （OR=0.647）, daily times of medication （OR=0.583）, adverse drug reactions （OR=0.219） were the influencing factors for medication compliance in patients with coronary heart disease. Conclusions The status and compliance of secondary prevention medication in patients with coronary heart disease need to be improved. Gender, education level, living style, course of disease, other underlying diseases, daily times of medication, and adverse drug reactions can all affect the compliance of secondary prevention medication. It is recommended to focus on the above factors, strengthen the management of prevention medication, and promote the improvement of medication compliance, so as to control the development of disease.

Objective To explore the adverse living habits and pharyngeal flora characteristics of patients with chronic pharyngitis in Beijing, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of chronic pharyngitis. Methods Patients with chronic pharyngitis who participated in a health examination at the physical examination center between January 2020 and December 2021 in a hospital in Beijing were selected as the study group, and those who participated in the same period of health examination but excluded chronic pharyngitis were selected as the control group. The living habits of the two groups were surveyed by questionnaire, and samples of posterior pharyngeal wall secretions were collected for pharyngeal flora testing. The adverse living habits and the characteristics of the pharyngeal flora of the two groups were analyzed by descriptive analysis, and the factors influencing the development of chronic pharyngitis were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results A total of 3 012 patients with chronic pharyngitis （study group） were included in this study, including 1 705 males and 1 307 females, with an average age of （34.56±10.23） years. There were 3 012 healthy subjects （control group）, including 1 684 males and 1 328 females, with an average age of （34.11±9.82） years. There were statistically significant differences in preference for spicy food, fried food, cold food, smoking, drinking, sleeping late, and exercise between the two groups （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that spicy food （OR=1.865）, fried food （OR=2.065）, cold food （OR=1.702）, smoking （OR=1.914）, drinking （OR=2.156）, and sleeping late （OR=1.788） were independent factors for the induction of chronic pharyngitis. The numbers of α- Hemolytic streptococcus, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae in the study group were higher than that in the control group （P<0.05 or P<0.01）, while the numbers of Moraxella catarrhalis, Klebsiella ozaenae, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae were lower than that in the control group （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Conclusions Adverse living habits will further induce chronic pharyngitis. Pharyngeal flora imbalance in such patients is mainly caused by the increase of α- Hemolytic streptococcus content. It is suggested that lifestyle intervention should be carried out by adjusting diet structure or taking drugs in order to reduce the risk of chronic pharyngitis.

Objective To explore the comprehensive health status and influencing factors of married women of childbearing age in Zhengzhou. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on the comprehensive health status of married women of childbearing age in the jurisdiction of Zhengzhou City from October to December 2021 using a phased random sampling method. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the comprehensive health status of married women of childbearing age in the area, and univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the influencing factors on the comprehensive health status of married women of childbearing age. Results In this study, a total of 1 062 married women of childbearing age were investigated, aged 21 to 47. The proportion of women aged 21 to<35 was higher, accounting for 63.28%, and 68.17% lived in cities. There were 658 cases with poor comprehensive health status, accounting for 61.96%. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the older the age （OR=1.561）, the education level of junior high school or below （OR=2.097）, the underweight （OR=2.100）, the overweight and obesity （OR=1.927）, the average monthly family income<3 000 yuan （OR=1.214）, the moderate stress level （OR=1.132）, and the severe stress level （OR=1.978） were risk factors for poor comprehensive health status in married women of childbearing age. Conclusion More than half of married women of childbearing age have poor comprehensive health status, and age, education level, BMI, average monthly family income, and stress level are significantly correlated with their health status.

Objective To evaluate the characteristics and influencing factors of recurrent anal infection of HPV 6 and 16 in HIV-negative men who have sex with men （MSM） in Urumqi. Methods From 2016 to 2021, MSM were recruited in cooperation with nongovernmental organizations in Urumqi, followed up once every 6 months, collected perianal explants for HPV genotyping, analyzed the age distribution characteristics of HPV 6 and HPV 16, and Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of recurrent infection. Results A total of 626 MSM were enrolled in this study, with a median age of 30 （25, 36） years, a median follow-up time of 36.63 （22.18, 52.10） months and 5 （3, 7） follow-up times. The baseline infection rates of HPV 6 and 16 were 10.26% （95%CI： 8.23%-12.64%） and 9.09% （95%CI： 7.19%-11.35%）, respectively. Among the 37 types, the highest recurrent infection rates were HPV 6 and 16 [13.9% （95%CI： 11.13%-17.14%） and 9.74% （95%CI： 7.45%-12.52%）, respectively], and showed age-specific. The recurrent infection rate of HPV 6 of <24 years old MSM was higher than that of other age groups, while the recurrent infection rate of HPV 16 increased with age. After adjusting for demographic and sexual behavior characteristics, the risk of recurrent HPV 6 infection was increased in men who had anal sex with men （αOR=1.637）. Conclusions The recurrent infection rate of HPV 6 and 16 is high. It is necessary to vaccinate the HPV vaccine in MSM, especially young MSM, to prevent HPV-related diseases.

Objective To analyze the direct economic burden and influencing factors of stroke patients in Xi'an. Methods The data of stroke patients were collected from two tertiary hospitals and two secondary hospitals' medical record management information systems and fee collection systems monitored in the Xi'an Cardiovascular Disease Monitoring System from October 2019 to June 2022. Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the direct economic burden of stroke patients, and univariate and multivariate analysis methods were used to analyze the relevant factors affecting direct economic burden. Results The median direct economic burden of stroke patients in outpatient clinics was 983.27 yuan, with the highest proportion being examination expenses （58.32%） and drug expenses （19.34%）. The median direct economic burden of hospitalized stroke patients was 14 660.71 yuan, with the highest proportion being hospitalization drug expenses （58.19%） and examination expenses （14.60%）. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that per capita monthly income of households （β'=0.104）,whether or not first visit （β'=0.354）, diabetes （β'=0.214）, hypertension （β'=0.368）, and type of medical insurance （β'=0.351） were factors influencing the direct economic burden of outpatients with stroke. Age （β'=0.265）, per capita monthly income of households （β'=0.125）,stroke type （β'=0.369,0.214）, whether or not first visit （β'=0.547）, diabetes （β'=0.621）, hypertension （β'=0.425）, length of hospital stays （β'=0.658）, discharge （β'=0.687）, emergency admission （β'=0.854）, surgery （β'=0.852）, and type of medical insurance （β'=0.862, 0.241） were factors influencing the direct economic burden of hospitalized stroke patients. Conclusions The largest direct economic burden of stroke patients is medical expense. The direct economic burden of outpatient and hospitalized stroke patients can be reduced by early prevention, intervention, and treatment to reduce the admission rate, or by optimizing the treatment procedures and improving the level of treatment to shorten the hospitalization time, thus enabling the effective use of health resources.